The Analysis of Consolidated Earnings before provision for taxes on income increased by 1.4 billion to 13.8 billion in 2012 compared to the 12.4 billion in 2011, an increase of 11.4%. According to the report the earnings before provision for taxes were favorable due to an increased gross profit of 0.9% billion, and a 0.1 % decrease is selling, marketing, and administrative due to cost containment initiatives. The total cost in research and development is as follows for the year 2012. Consumer expense for research was 622 million with a 4.3 percent on sales. Pharmaceutical expense for research was 5,362 million with a 21.2 percent on sales. Medical Devices and Diagnostic expense for research was 1,681 million with a 6.1 percent on sales. With a balance of 7,665 spent on research and development with an 11.4 percent on sales. The cost of research and development has increased by 1.6 percent. In 2012, the favorable change of 1.1 billion in other income expense, net was primarily due to lower expenses of 2.1 billion related to litigation including product liability. Interest Income Expense in 2012 decreased by 27 million compared to the previous year due to lower rates of interest earned and lower average