Gods and goddesses - Artemis, Orthia, Poseidon, Apollo.
Myths and legends - Lycatius and the Dioscuri.
Festivals - Hyakinthia, Gymnopaedia, Karneia.
Religious role of the kings
Funerary customs and rituals
Source A
Image taken from a drone at the Sanctuary of Apollo at Amyclae, Sparta (2009).
Source A, the image of the Sanctuary of Apollo at Amyclae, is a significant source for analysis of the Hyacinthia festival and the interplay between the cults of Apollo and Hyacinthus. The sanctuary, prominently featuring the tomb of Hyacinthus as a pedestal for Apollo's statue, visually encapsulates the fusion of the two cults. This amalgamation is further exemplified by the annual Hyacinthia…show more content… The artistic representation of the twins' divine and heroic aspects suggests a more nuanced Spartan identity that values religion and social unity. The Dioscuri are clear evidence of Spartan society's multifaceted complexity, disproving the simplistic view of Sparta as merely a strict, militaristic state. It demonstrates the crucial role of religion and mythology in shaping Spartan values and fostering a sense of unity and identity among its…show more content… Source E, an image of the bust of King Leonidas I wearing a war helmet, captures the dual role he played as both a military leader and a religious figure. Leonidas, who famously led a small band of Greek allies at the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE, epitomised the Spartan ideals of bravery and sacrifice. His war helmet commemorates his military prowess and his readiness to defend Sparta, reflecting his role in ensuring the welfare and survival of the community.
As a king, Leonidas held significant religious responsibilities, acting as the chief priest and overseeing all religious activities within the community. He was responsible for carrying out public sacrifices, consulting oracles (especially before going to war), interpreting omens, and taking care of sanctuaries and temples. This high-ranking religious role reinforced his duty to maintain the favour of the gods and ensure the prosperity and protection of Sparta. In addition to his other duties, Leonidas also led important festivals such as the Karneia and the Gymnopaedia, further integrating his leadership throughout Spartan religious life. His divine lineage, descending from Heracles and the twin brothers of Helen, reinforced his powerful ancestry and connection to the gods, enhancing his authority and
