Anatomy Study Guide Metabolism

Chapter 17: Anatomy Study Guide metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body mitochondrial,enzymes,break,the,covalent,bonds,that,hold,these,molecules, together,,they,capture,rougly,40,percent,of,the,energy,released,by,atp, cells,synthesis,new,organic,compounds:,, o to,perform,structural,maintenance,and,repairs,(metabolic,turnover), o to,support,growth, o to,produce,secretions, o to,build,nutrient,reserves, cell,first,breaks,down,carbohydrates,,then,lipids,,then,amino,acids,,then, nucleic,acids, chemical,reactions,within,the,mitochondria,break,down,the,fragments, further,and,generate,CO2,,water,,and,ATP, o involves:,TCA,cycles,and,electron,transport,system, during,the,catabolism,,of,glucose,a,cell,gains,36,molecules, glycolysis,requires:,glucose,molecules,,cytoplasmic,enzymes,,atp,and,adp,, and,NAD,(coenzymes,that,removes,hydrogen,atoms), o glycolysis,yields,a,net,gain,of,2,atp,molecules, o ability,to,capture,that,energy,dependson,the,availability,of,oxygen, ! if,oxygen,is,available,,mitochondria,absrbs,pyruvic,acid,and, breaks,them,down, ! hydrogen,atoms,of,pyruvic,acid,are,removed,by,coenzymes, and,are,the,source,of,most,of,the,cells,energy,gain, ! carbon,and,oxygen,atoms,are,removed,and,released,as,CO2, TCA,CYCLE:,function:,remove,hydrogen,atoms,from,organic,molecules,and, transfer,them,to,coenzymes,in,the,electron,transport,system, o Yields,1,molecule,of,CO2,,1,molecule,of,NADH,,1,molecule,of,acetyl, COA,, o When,the,acetyl,group,is,transferred,from,CoA,to,a,four,carbon, molecule,,a,sixQcarbon,molecule,called,citric,acid,is,produced,, o When,citric,acid,is,produced,,then,CoA,is,released,to,,bind,with, another,acetyl,group, o 2,revolutions,in,TCA, o gluconeogenesis:,synthesis,of,glucose,from,noncarbohydrate,(protein, or,lipid),precursor,molecules,, minerals,are,inorganic,ions,released,throught,the,dissociation,of,electrolytes,, such,as,sodium,chloride, ! ions,such,as,sodium,and,chloride,determine,the,ostmotic, concentration,of,bodily,fluids, ! transport,of,gases,,buffer,systems,,fluid,absorptions,,waste, removal,,blood,clotting,,muscle,contraction,,potential, generation,,neurotransmitter,release,,maintenance,of,skeleton,, maintenance,of,membrane,potentials, !

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