However, their effect is not limited exclusively to domestic producers, but also to the trade and economy of an importing country as a whole. The anti-dumping measures may negatively affect industrial users and consumers of the product under investigation, competition, wholesale and retail services, and trade flow between importing and exporting countries. To address such an effect of anti-dumping measures, domestic anti-dumping legislation of some countries enshrines a ‘public interest’ clause. A public interest clause is incorporated into domestic anti-dumping regulations of Argentina, Brazil, China, Canada, EU, Malaysia, Thailand, Ukraine and some others. The ‘public interest’ clause generally implies the consideration of broader public interest concerns, i.e. to examine, in addition to the interests of the domestic industry, the interests of other parties which may be affected by the measure as well as influence trade and competition in the market