Biology 101 Review Essay

Definitions
Hierarchy: An organizational scheme that dictates the order in which organisms exist
Biotic: Of or relating to living organisms
Abiotic: Of or characterized by the absence of life or living organisms
Life Characteristics: Having a metabolism, reproduction, growth and development and responding stimuli and adapting
Metabolism: Using energy from some source to grow and reproduce
Calorie: A source of energy
Homeostasis: The ability to stay in the same condition
Carbon Compounds: Polymers made up of monomers (Building blocks)
Monomer: A compound whose molecules have the ability to join together to create a polymer
Polymer: Any various chemical compounds made up of smaller, identical molecules linked together
Ose: A suffix that indicates a sugar
Ase: A suffix that indicates the enzyme that breaks down a sugar
Emulsifier: To break apart large molecules into smaller pieces this in turn yields a greater surface area
Glycogen: Found in animals; stored glucose made up of starch and cellulose
Lactose Intolerant: Unable to digest Lactose due to a deficiency of Lactase (An enzyme for the metabolization of lactose)
HDL (High-density lipoprotein): Good cholesterol with a desired level of more than 50
LDL (Low-density lipoprotein): Bad cholesterol with a desired level of less than 130

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid; An extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics and is constructed of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladder-like arrangement
Heredity: The transmission of genetic characters from parents to child which results in a new strand of genetic characteristics
Cell Theory: Are living things are composed of cells; Cells arise from pre-existing cells
Active Transport: Moving particles from low concentration to high concentration; or up gradient (slope)
Passive Transport: Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration; or down gradient
Diffusion: Movement of any particles from High to Low (Note: In order for particles to move, the membrane must be selectively permeable)
Turgor Pressure: When plant cells are in a hypotonic solution, the large central vacuole gains water and exerts pressure
Lysis: The breaking down of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic mechanisms that compromise it’s integrity.
Plasmolysis: A process in plant cells where the cytoplasm pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis
Water Cycle: The cycle of evaporation and condensation that controls the distribution of the earth’s water as it evaporates from various bodies of water and then returns
Polar Covalent: A bond between two non-metals with different electron-negatives
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, in fetus’, daily maintenance and in the life span of a cell’s life

Questions?
What are the six types of kingdoms? * Animalia, Plantae, Mycota Fungi, Protoctista Alga, Bacteria, and Archaebacteria
What are the three domains? * Archaea Domain, Bacteria Domain and Eukarya Domain
What are the steps of the Scientific Method? * 1. Ask a question, 2. Make observations, 3. Propose a hypothesis, 4. Design an experiment, 5. Test the hypothesis, 6. Draw

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