Essay on Biology: Bacteria and Chromosomes Diploid- Cells

Submitted By canitzba
Words: 2263
Pages: 10
Open Document
Science is a process of discovery about the natural world. It must be testable, requires evidence and doesn’t make moral or aesthetic judgments. Science is not provable
Biology is the study of life
Language of Science-
Observation:
Facts:
Hypothesis: Proposed explanations for a narrow set of observations based on prior background information
Theory: Powerful explanations for a broad range of observations, strongly supported by many different lines of evidence
Ex: Evolutionary Theory, Gravitational Theory, Atomic Theory, Plate Tectonics
Law: Known laws of the world that can be proven but not explained Law of Gravity, Law of
Evidence: An observation that supports or refutes a proposed explanation. The more expected your claim is the less evidence required
Line of Evidence- Drawn from one type of test or observation.
Proof: Science accepts ideas based off of the evidence that is available. It doesn’t prove anything.
Observation/Law/ Date/Fact/ Evidence- What you can see or measure
Hypotheses/ Theories- Ideas that attempt to explain what you can see

Behavioral characteristics are based in an attempt to stay organized- fight entropy and fight homeostasis. Homeostasis is a set of conditions or balance at which their systems and metabolism will function
1 Require energy and nutrients. Energy comes from the chemical bonds, nutrients come from atoms in the food we eat. All the energy originated from the sun. Energy flows from the sun and is used or lost (or passed on to next trophic level). All the nutrients come from the mostly closed system of planet Earth being cycled around.
Two ways:
Autotrophs- produces
Heterotrophs- consumers
2 Sense their internal and external environments
3 Respond to stimuli
4 Reproduce to pass on genes

Genes are segments of DNA that include the instruction manuals for producing proteins, which determine a particular trait by controlling our metabolism (all the chemical reactions that happen in a cell)
DNA controls the structure, function and organization through protein synthesis
DNA is a nucleic acid macromolecule depicted as a double-helix according to x-ray crystallography. It is made up of nucleotides which consist of base pairs connected by sugar molecules and a phosphorous backbone.
DNA is transcripted into mRNA which goes out into the cytoplasm to the ribosome where it is translated. Codons are matched up with their anti-codons to form amino-acid chains which are read by the genetic code
Purines- Double-ringed A and G
Pyrimidines- Single-ringed C and T
Adenine and Thymine are double bonded
Cytosine and Guanine are triple bonded
Runs from 5’ Carbon, has extra sugar molecule attached, to 3’ Carbon
Start Codons AUG- Methionine
Stop Codons UAA, UAG, UGA

Amino acids held together by peptide bonds forming a polypeptide (protein)
R-groups are the primary structure of the protein determining its function mRNA- Carries DNA outside of nucleus into cytoplasm and to ribosome for translation rRNA- Located at ribosome and lineup codon with anti-codons as well as speed up bonding of the amino acids tRNA- Carry amino acids to ribosome
Cytoskeleton- protein fibers giving cell their structure, allowing them to move
Collagen- The most common structural protein in our body
Many neurotransmitters, receptors, and hormones are proteins
Cancer is irregular cell growth
Red blood cells get into crescent shape is called sickle-cell anemia
Hemoglobin carries oxygen on blood cells
Mutation- Random changes in the DNA sequence

Traits are passed from one generation to the next through inheritance, a sperm fertilizes a female egg to form a diploid zygote sexually or through cloning asexually.
Chromosomes are tightly bundled DNA around a protein named histone, It is the “hereditary unit” found in cells, only found during cell division
Chromatin is a single unwound DNA and occur when a cell is functioning.
Nucleosome- The units of DNA
Show More

Related Documents: Essay on Biology: Bacteria and Chromosomes Diploid- Cells

Essay on Biology: Bacteria and Haploid Daughter Cells

SBI 3U Biology: Grade 11 University Preparation Genetics Heredity: The passing of traits from parents to offspring. Genetics: The scientific study of heredity and variations. Genetic information is contained in a molecule of DNA. Each thousands of chemical subunits that act as a set of chemical instructions. The instructions occur as distinct sequences of information along the DNA molecules- this is called a gene. Each gene occupies a specific location- locus/loci, on a chromosome. A typical…

Words 2655 - Pages 11

What Is Vocab

Structural Diversity: is the divisions in a community that result from having many different physical characteristics Protista: free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes, diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms Bacteria: a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms lacking organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease, consist of prokaryotic microorganisms Fungi: an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding…

Words 2111 - Pages 9

Evolutionary Biology Definitions Essay

organisms have linear chromosomes and their genes lie at specific location (loci) along them. Bacteria have circular chromosomes. In most sexually reproducing organisms, there are two of each chromosome type in every cell. For instance in humans, every chromosome is paired, one inherited from the mother, the other inherited from the father. When an organism produces gametes, the gametes end up with only one of each chromosome per cell. Haploid gametes are produced from diploid cells by a process called…

Words 727 - Pages 3

Essay on Dna and Specific Amino Acid

the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher in his experiments on white blood cells or leukocytes between 1868 and 1869. Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his “discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses.” 17. Griffith worked with two related strands of bacteria which cause pneumonia in mice. He discovered that when harmless live bacteria were mixed with heat-killed disease-causing bacteria and then injected into mice, the mice died. Griffith’s experiment led…

Words 1646 - Pages 7

Biology Homework 4 Essay

General Biology 111 Exam #4 Homework Chapter 12 and 13- Homework 1. Koelreuter’s experiments signaled the beginning of modern genetics. The experiment was hybridizied tobacco plants. 2. Knight was a senior research scientist at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, part of the MIT School of Engineering. He crossed true-breeding peas: purple and white flowers; all offspring had purple flowers and the next generation of offspring had both flower colors; more purple than…

Words 1456 - Pages 6

Importance Of Biology: Scientific Study Of Life

Biology – scientific study of life Hierarchy of life Biosophere>ecosystem>community>population>organism> organ system>organ>tissue>cell>organells>molecule>atom Life is ordered & organized Themes in biology Organisms interact with the environment Matter and energy exchange Adapt to change living and non-living elements Nutrients recycle while energy enters and exits (nutrient cycling – light, thermal, chemical, kinetic some heat is always lost) Structure and function are interrelated –…

Words 8663 - Pages 35

Babble Babble Essay

Study Guide for Biology Final Final will cover topics from the 4th, 5th, and 6th weeks Fourth 6 Weeks Unit: Biotechnology 1. What are restriction enzymes and how are they used? Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sections of code. They are used to insert sequences of DNA at specific places. 2. Why is Gel Electrophoresis referred to as “DNA fingerprinting”? Gel electrophoresis results in a band of DNA fragments that looks like a barcode. Each person has a different pattern, so it can…

Words 1795 - Pages 8

Review On Genetics

and how traits are inherited Heredity- The passing of traits from parents to offspring Dominant- When one trait overpowers or hides the other trait. Recessive- The trait that is hidden or masked Genes- Specific traits are carried as genes on chromosomes. Genes are segments of DNA. Alleles- The alternate forms of a gene. You receive one allele from each parent and have 2 alleles to describe a trait. Dominant: A Recessive: a Genotype- How the Two Alleles are read on the gene. Ex. Aa Homozygous…

Words 2246 - Pages 9

Essay on Genes and Genomes

wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plant_cell_structure.png&oldid=45093602 www.pinegenome.org/ctgn Chromosomes Linear strands of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells  Chromosomes carry the genes and function in the transmission of hereditary information  Diploid cells have two copies of each chromosome  One copy comes from each parent  Paternal and maternal chromosomes may have different alleles Image Credit: Jane Ades, National Human Genome Research Initiative (NHGRI)…

Words 1658 - Pages 7

Presidential and Parliamentary Essays

Section 2 • Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. • There are three states of matter: gas, liquid, and solids Same # of protons as electrons • Atoms are composed of subatomic particles • A proton is positively charged • Electron is negatively charged • Neutron is electrically neutral • Electrons rotate and orbit the nucleus Elements • atoms differ in numbers of subatomic particles Neutrons: • no charge Isotopes • Forms of an element that differ in the number…

Words 6479 - Pages 26