Austin Hammer
9/30/2014
Unit Two: Text Questions
1) What is a pinhole camera? How do we know that these devices existed before the nineteenth century?
1a) A pinhole camera is a small, light-tight can or box with a black interior and a tiny hole in the center of one end.
1b) In some ways it is surprising that photography was not invented before the 1800s. Some of the important technology and knowledge had been around for several hundred years before the nineteenth century.
2) Who created the first photograph? How was this done?
2a) The First Photograph, or more specifically, the earliest known surviving photograph made in a camera, was taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826 or 1827.
2b) “Note on the Art of Photography, or The Application of the Chemical Rays of Light to the Purpose of Pictorial Representation,” which he presented in 1839 to the Royal Society. Herschel is also responsible for coining the use of “positive,” “negative,” and “snapshot” in relation to photography.
3) What is a calotype? What happens in this process?
3a) An early photographic process in which an early photographic process in which negatives were made using paper coated with silver iodide.
3b) Negatives were made using paper coated with silver iodide.
4) What was the Kodak Brownie?
4a) When the Kodak Brownie was introduced in 1900-1901, cameras were available to the mass market. The Kodak Brownies became a very popular camera, as they were simple to use and relatively inexpensive. This is the camera that introduced the idea of a “snapshot.” The initial price of the Brownie was one dollar, and it was intended to be a camera that could be used by anyone, not just by professionals with technical knowledge.
5) What did Richard Maddox invent? Why was this important? 5a) He invented the lightweight gelatin dry plates. 5b) The advantages of the dry plate were obvious: photographers could use commercial dry plates off the shelf instead of having to prepare their own emulsions in a mobile darkroom.
6) Where did the technology for digital images come from? 6a) Richard Maddox developed a different technique to create negatives using gelatin instead of glass. This technique made the process of photo development easier and less complicated, because a darkroom wasn’t required to develop images. 7) What are two different stock image licenses? How are they
