A) In this first alternate, The Story follows in the same manner. However, due to a misprint, the almanac named Jeanne Calment as the oldest person ever to have lived, when in fact, her sister, Genevieve Calment, was the oldest person ever to have lived.
This first case is a counterexample to JTB because although it satisfies the three conditions of JTB, Sue does not really know that the oldest person ever to have lived was a woman. Genevieve Calment, the oldest person ever to have lived, was a woman, so P is true. After reading page 273 of the almanac, Sue believes that P. Because almanacs typically relay reliable information, Sue infers that P. Her inference forming method is also generally reliable, so her belief that P is justified on the basis of that method. Since the three conditions hold, Sue’s JTB should allow her to know that P but, she clearly does not know that P. It was simply a matter of chance that her mechanism led her to the correct conclusion. This is the classic example of a Gettier case, in which JTB…show more content… A defeater is a proposition that if added to G spoils Sue’s justification. Let the defeater D be the proposition that all but one of volumes that look like almanacs are, in fact, not almanacs. It is just a matter of chance that she chose an actual almanac. If D is added to G, Sue’s justification would be spoiled, even though her belief is not based on false grounds. Most people would say that Sue is justified in believing that the things that look like almanacs are almanacs, so she is justified in believing the defeater D false. However, by condition (iii) of DEF for JTB+ND, in order for S’s justification in the belief that P to not count as being defeated, Sue cannot be justified in believing D false. So, JTB+ND would say that Sue’s justification for believing that the oldest person ever to have lived was a woman is defeated. Thus, JTB+ND would not classify this as a case of
