of the world, especially in today’s world. It is a great comment on the political and
social state that our world seems to always be struggling with. While the characters
of the story believe that this is the “best of all possible worlds, it is clear that Voltaire
does not agree with that statement. He employs a clever use of satire to show just
how disgusting the world truly is.
Starting with Pangloss’ philosophy “that there is no effect without a cause”
and that we live in the “best of all possible worlds,” (4) to the Bulgarian assertion
that their king is the “best of kings” (7), Candide criticizes the human race, our
hubris, our optimism, and nearly all of our customs, including love; mocking that “it
was love; love, the comfort of the human species, the preserver of the universe, the
soul of all sensible beings, love, tender love.” (14)
Pangloss’ optimism seems ridiculous in many situations. Even as he was
severely ill with syphilis, he manages to look on the bright side by telling Candide
that once again, “all is for the best” because the disease can be traced back to
Christopher Columbus’ trip to the New World. (15) Pangloss is determined that
“things cannot be otherwise than as they are; for all being created for an end, all is
necessarily for the best end. Observe, that the nose has been formed to bear
spectacles–thus we have spectacles.” (4) This kind of philosophy is that of Leibnitz
and Pangloss was dedicated to those ideas. When Candide asked if he doubted his
philosophies after everything he had been through, Pangloss responded by telling
him that “I am still of my first opinion… for I am a philosopher and I cannot retract,
especially as Leibnitz could never be wrong; and besides, the pre-established
harmony is the finest thing in the world, and so is his plenum and material subtilis.”
Amidst his absurd optimism, at least Pangloss has the sense to know that
“they who assert that all is well have said a foolish thing,” but he still thinks “they
should have said all is for the best” (4). Nothing is ever really “well” in the world: we
are plagued by war, disease, and other various maladies. Candide maintained the
idea that “all is for the best” even after seeing thousands dead when fighting for the
Bulgarians, being held as