Cellular Energy Lab Report

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Cellular Energy
All organisms need energy, but only some living things can directly use the energy of sunlight. Autotrophs (producers) make their own food by obtaining energy from sunlight (or inorganic compounds). Heterotrophs (consumers) cannot make their own food, and must get their energy from food sources.
Photosynthesis- carried out in the chloroplasts of plants; uses carbon dioxide to store energy in the form of glucose (organic molecules); produces oxygen

6CO2 + 6 H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Chloroplasts- found in the cells of green plants- convert light energy into chemical energy, stores energy in food molecules.
Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs mostly blue and red light, and reflects green and yellow (giving plants their green appearance).

Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:
• Light-dependent stage- occurs in the thylakoid membrane, the energy of sunlight is converted into energy carrier molecules (ATP and
NADPH) used in the second stage
• Calvin cycle (light-independent stage)- occurs in the stroma, uses the energy from the first stage and CO2 to form glucose.
The rate of photosynthesis can be affected by:
• The amount of water available
• The amount of sunlight available
• Temperature (must be within an optimal range since the reactions of photosynthesis depend on enzymes)
The plant uses the energy stored in the sugar molecule to carry out life processes. The sugar molecule is also used to build more complex carbohydrates, which can be used in growth and development.
Practice
Why are pigments important to the process of photosynthesis?
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How is the Calvin cycle dependent on the first stage of photosynthesis?
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Why is photosynthesis important?
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The glucose made in photosynthesis is the starting point for cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration should not be confused with the process of breathing. Breathing simply involves taking in oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide, but cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that change glucose into a usable form of chemical energy (ATP).
Cellular (aerobic) respiration- occurs in mitochondria; uses oxygen to release energy
(ATP) from food molecules; produces carbon dioxide

C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 + 6 H2O

***ATP is energy that drives chemical reactions in cells.***
Cellular respiration begins with a series of steps called glycolysis, which converts glucose into pyruvate. If oxygen is present, pyruvate enters aerobic respiration, and a great deal of ATP is produced.
If there is no oxygen present, some cells can undergo anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration to make ATP. Some microorganisms, such as yeast, carry out alcohol fermentation, which produces ATP and alcohol. In humans, however, muscle cells carry out lactic acid fermentation. For example, if your muscles are fatigued and run out of oxygen they will produce lactic acid, which causes muscle cramps. Only a small amount of ATP is produced in anaerobic respiration.
Mitochondria- in both plants and animals, breaks down food molecules and transforms food into energy (ATP)= the “powerhouse” of the cell
Practice
Why is cellular respiration important?
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________________________________________________________________________
What is the importance of ATP in a cell?
__________________________________________________________
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