Ch 22 Notes Transoceanic Encounters Essay

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Chapter 22

Transoceanic Encounters and
Global Connections
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1

Portuguese Exploration





Originally for fishing
Land hunger
Discovery of Azores, Madeiras Islands
Acquisition of land to plant sugarcane

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2

The Lure of Trade


Maritime routes to Asia









Spices, silk, porcelain

Silk roads more dangerous since spread of bubonic plague
Prices, profits increase
Indian pepper, Chinese ginger increasingly essential to diet of European wealthy classes
African gold, ivory, slaves
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3

Missionary Efforts




Franciscan, Dominican missionaries to India, central Asia and China
Violent efforts with crusades, reconquista

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4

The Technology of Exploration



Chinese rudder introduced in twelfth century
Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales






Work better with cross winds

Navigational instruments
Knowledge of winds, currents
The volta do mar


“Return through the sea”

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5

Wind and Current Patterns in the World’s
Oceans

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6

Portuguese Breakthroughs


Prince Henry of Portugal (1394-1460)





1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good
Hope, enters Indian Ocean basin




Promoted exploration of west African coast
Established fortified trading posts

Storms and restless crew force return

Vasco da Gama reaches India by this route, 1497


By 1500, a trading post at Calicut

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7

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)


Believed Earth was smaller








Estimated Japan approximately 2,500 miles west of
Canaries (actually 10,000 miles)

Portuguese kings do not fund proposed westward trip Fernando and Isabel of Spain, Italian bankers underwrite voyage
Discovers Bahamas, Cuba
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8

Hemispheric Links



Columbus tries three times, never reaches Asia
But by early sixteenth century, several powers follow 



English, Spanish, French, Dutch

Realization of value of newly discovered
Americas

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9

European Exploration in the Atlantic
Ocean, 1486-1498

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10

Circumnavigation of the Globe


Vasco Nuñez de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean while searching for gold in Panama, 1513




Distance to Asia unknown

Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) not supported by Portuguese, sails in service of Spain






Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip of
South America
Crew assailed by scurvy, only 18 of 250 sailors return to Spain from journey
Magellan killed in local political dispute in Philippines
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11

Exploration of the Pacific



Spanish build Philippines-Mexico trade route
English, Russians look for northwest passage to
Asia


Most of route clogged by ice in Arctic circle







Norwegian Roald Amundsen completes route only in twentieth century

Sir Frances Drake (England) explores west coast of North America
Vitus Bering (Russia) sails through Bering Strait
James Cook (England) explores southern Pacific
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12

European Exploration, Cook’s Voyages in the
Pacific Ocean, 1519-1780, and Magellan’s Voyages

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13

Establishment of Trading-Post
Empires


Portuguese first to set up trading posts






Not to establish trade monopolies, rather to charge duties Afonso d’Alboquerque major naval commander





Fifty by mid-sixteenth century

Architect of trade duties policy; violators would have hands amputated

Yet Arab traders