chapter 1 Essay

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Abnormal Psychology in a Changing
World

Eighth Edition

Jeffrey S. Nevid/Spencer A. Rathus/Beverly Greene

Chapter 1
Introduction and Methods of Research
Prepared by:
Ashlea R. Smith, PhD
Argosy University-Phoenix

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How do we define abnormal behavior?
• Psychological disorder – Abnormal behavior pattern that involves a disturbance of psychological functioning or behavior.
• Abnormal psychology – The branch of psychology that deals with the description, causes, and treatment of abnormal behavior patterns.
• Medical model – A biological perspective in which abnormal behavior is viewed as symptomatic of underlying illness.
Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Lifetime and Past-Year Prevalence of
Psychological Disorders

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How do we define abnormal behavior?
• Criteria for Determining Abnormality
1. Unusualness
2. Social deviance
3. Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
4. Significant personal distress
5. Maladaptive or self-defeating behavior
6. Dangerousness

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Cultural Bases of Abnormal Behavior
• Behavior that is normal in one culture may be deemed abnormal in another.
• The standards we use in making judgments of abnormal behavior must take into account cultural norms.
• Traditional Native American cultures distinguish between illnesses that are believed to arise from influences outside the culture, called “White man’s sicknesses,” such as alcoholism and drug addiction, from those that emanate from a lack of harmony with traditional tribal life and thought, which are called “Indian sicknesses” (Trimble, 1991).
Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Historical Perspectives on Abnormal
Behavior

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The Demonological Model
• Trephination – A harsh, prehistoric practice of cutting a hole in a person’s skull, possibly in an attempt to release demons.
• The notion of supernatural causes of abnormal behavior, or demonology, was prominent in Western society until the Age of Enlightenment.
• In ancient Greece, people who behaved abnormally were sent to temples dedicated to Aesculapius, the god of healing.
• Incurables were driven from the temple by stoning.

Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Origins of the Medical Model: In “Ill
Humor”
• Humors – According to the ancient Hippocratic belief system, the vital bodily fluids (phlegm, black bile, blood, yellow bile).
• An imbalance of humors, he thought, accounted for abnormal behavior.
• A lethargic or sluggish person was believed to have an excess of phlegm, from which we derive the word phlegmatic.
• An overabundance of black bile was believed to cause depression, or melancholia. • An excess of blood created a sanguine disposition: cheerful, confident, and optimistic. An excess of yellow bile made people “bilious” and choleric—quick-tempered, that is.

Copyright (c) 2011 Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Medieval Times
• Belief in supernatural causes led to beliefs that abnormal behaviors were a sign of possession by evil spirits or the devil.
• This belief was part of the teachings of the
Roman Catholic Church, the central institution in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire.
• The
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