Chapter 1 Essay

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Chapter 1
Linear regression with one predictor variable

1

Regression (Historically)
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Regression means ‘going back’
Francis Galton (1822‐1911) studied “Hereditary Genius”
(1869) and other traits
Heights of fathers and sons
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Sons of the tallest fathers tended to be taller than average, but shorter than their fathers
Sons of the shortest fathers tended to be shorter than average, but taller than their fathers

This kind of thing was observed for lots of traits.
Galton was deeply concerned about “regression to mediocrity.” 2

Types of Data
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Typically, data come to us in one of four forms: 
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Categorical (Nominal)
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

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Categorical variables
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Take on several levels, none of which have any natural ordering
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Sex (M, F, …)
Race (Black, White, Asian, …)
Program major (Stat, CS, Math, Psych, Bio, …)
Type of fertilizer (A, B, …)
Drug (Active, Placebo)

When controlled by the experimenter, called a Factor
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Important nomenclature for R

4

Ordinal variables
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Take on several levels which have a natural order, but no consistent distance metric
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Grade (A+, A, A-, B+, …)
Professor Rating (5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
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Likert item

Level of education (PhD, Masters, Bachelors, HS,
Primary, None)
Sports (Rugby, Football, Soccer, … Basketball) 

Difficult to deal with, so we usually consider them as either Categorical, or

5

Interval variables
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Numerical variable with a consistent distance metric, but no proper zero point
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IQ
Temperature (in °C)
SAT score

Slope and difference are meaningful, but ratios are not
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Ratio variables
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Interval variable with a proper

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