Because of the growth of women in the white-collar corporate world, researchers believed that this growth would reduce or eliminate gender difference when it comes to white-collar and corporate criminality, however, that didn’t happen “women’s participation in white-collar crime was low—less than 5 percent, the relatively high numbers of women convicted for occupational fraud like embezzlement was due partly to their jobs having a higher degree of surveillance than men’s (Steffensmeier, 2013, p.