Cinematic Synthesis Essay

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CPs are synthesised by oxidative chemical or electrochemical polymerisation (97) using negatively charged counter ions (dopants) to maintain their neutral charge state. Figure 5 represented the schematic diagram for the synthesis of CP involving oxidative polymerisation from the monomer unit. The introduction of dopant ions and the presence of continuous and ordered π-conjugate bonds along the backbone make CPs electrically conductive (98). Electrochemical polymerisation is favourable than chemical polymerisation as the CPs produced from the latter process often have poor electrical conductivity (98). Unlike the electrochemical polymerisation in which the monomer is subjected to direct oxidation at the anode with increased purity (97), the …show more content…
Reversible change in CPs’ redox state i.e. oxidised and reduced state, causes changes in the volume, conductivity and charge of CP. Removal of electrons from the polymer during oxidation causes mobile charge dopants to travel into the polymer backbone, hence influence the degree of CP’s conductivity. The doping level also controls the electrical conductivity of CPs (98, 113).

CPs have proven to be biocompatible with growing cells. Both PPy and PEDOT have demonstrated in vivo biocompatibility (80, 114-117). Abidian et al. (117) reported that PPy and PEDOT implanted in an in vivo dorsal root ganglion model have low toxicities with minimal inflammation.

Various studies have also looked at increasing the surface area of the CP structures (118-122), as well as the thickness (95, 102, 123). These two properties play a significant role in the electroactivity of the CPs as charge transfer capacity increases with increasing polymer thickness and surface area …show more content…
They can also be loaded in a reservoir in a micro- or nano-cavities of the CPs. The biomolecules include progesterone (124), risperidone (125, 126), dexamethasone (127-129), biotin (64), glutamate (63, 130), nerve growth factors (NGF) (131-135), hyaluronic acid (136) and laminin peptide sequence (137). These biomolecules provide a significant impact on the optical, chemical and physical properties of CPs. Dopant size play an important role in the mechanical performance of the polymer. Large dopants produce softer and less adherent CP films. The neurotransmitter dopamine has been released from a polymer-coated electrode (138). Dopamine interacts electrostatically with the polymer backbone and remained on the polymeric electrode surface until it was release by a pulse of cathodic current. Meanwhile, Zinger and Miller (139) reported to have triggered the release of glutamate anions from PPy films. These findings demonstrate that CPs can be electrochemically controlled to release quantitatively specified amounts of neurotransmitter.

Precise neurotransmitter delivery (i.e. glutamate, aspartic acid and γ-amino butyric acid) that mimics nerve synapses has been reported using PEDOT doped with PSS (140). The magnitude of the applied voltage, mass and net charge of the molecule had a significant influence on the release rate of the neurotransmitters. Meanwhile,
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