Her stern behavior is a result of her childhood in Germany, characterized by antisemitism and trauma -- Louie describes her father taking her to a political rally in Berlin, where he brutally dies and she has her foot crushed when a horse falls on her (Simon 2.1). Louie explains that rather than pay to get her foot treated, she uses her money to move to the US to provide a better life for her family. Comically, Artie is simply shocked that she has never taken aspirin before, a metaphor for her resilience. In addition, her resilience and apparent emotional detachment after Aaron and Rosie's deaths heighten the trauma within the family and influence the perceptions of her among her remaining children. Each of them, with their unique experiences, is affected in ways that are revealed throughout the play. Bella, for example, is only treated as a child due to her mental handicap, despite her newfound feelings regarding her womanhood and sexual