A Note On Cardiology

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Cardiology is the medical specialty concerned with diagnosing and treating heart disease.
Pulmonary Circulation carries blood to the lungs and returns it to the left side of the heart.
Systemic circulation delivers oxygen and nutrients to all the remaining tissues of the body. Carries blood to the rest of the body.
Apex
the blunt rounded point of the heart; rounded tip directed anteriorly and slightly inferiorly.
Base
the larger, flat part at the opposite end of the heart; the flat portion directed posteriorly and superiorly.
Midclavicular line a perpendicular line that extends down from the middle of the clavicle.
Pericardium/ Pericardial sac is a double-layered, closed sac that surrounds the heart. It consists of the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.
Fibrous Pericardium a tough, fibrous connective tissue outer layer.
Serous Pericardium
A thin, transparent, inner layer of simple squamous epithelium.
Parietal Pericardium the part of the serous pericardium lining the fibrous pericardium.
15) Visceral Pericardium
( epicardium) the part covering the heart surface.
Pericardial Cavity
The space between the visceral and parietal pericardium, is filled with a thin layer of serous pericardial fluid.
Pericardial fluid helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardial sac.
Epicardium
(visceral Pericardium), is a thin serous membrane that constitutes the smooth, outer surface of the heart. Also called the serous pericardium.
Myocardium
The thick middle layer of the heart, is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart's ability to contract.
Endocardium
The smooth, inner surface of the heart chambers, consists of simple squamous epithelium over a layer of connective tissue. Also covers the surface of the heart valves.
Atria
thin- walled, form the superior and posterior parts of the heart.
Ventricles
thick-walled, form the anterior and inferior parts of the heart.
Auricles
flaplike, are extensions of the atria that can be seen anteriorly between each atrium and ventricle
Superior Vena Cava
Vein that returns blood from the head and neck, upper limbs, and thorax to the right atrium.
Inferior Vena Cava
Vein that returns blood from the lower limbs, and the greater part of the pelvic and abdominal organs to the right atrium.
Pulmonary Veins carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Aorta
is an artery that exits the heart, carries blood from the left ventricle to the body
Pulmonary Trunk is an artery that exits the heart, carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Right atrium has 3 major openings: The openings from the superior and inferior vena cava receive blood from the body, and the opening of the coronary sinus receives blood from the heart itself.
Left atrium has 4 relatively uniform openings that receive blood from the 4 pulmonary veins from the lungs.
Interatrial Septum
Separates the 2 atria
Right ventricle opens into the pulmonary trunk.
Left ventricle opens into the aorta.
Interventricular septum
Separates the 2 ventricles, which has a thick, muscular part toward the apex and a thin, membranous part toward the atria.
Atrioventricular Valve (AV) is in each atrioventricular canal and is composed of cusps, or flaps.
Tricuspid valve
The AV valve between the right atrium and right ventricle has 3 cusps.
Bicuspid valve/ mitral valve
The AV valve between the left atrium and left ventricle has 2 cusps.
Papillary muscles are cone-shaped, muscular pillars within each ventricle. These muscles are attached to chordae tendineae.
Chordae tendineae
Tendinous strands running from the papillary muscles to the atrioventricular valves. The papillary muscles are attatched by thin, strong connective tissue strings.
Intercalated disks
The
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