Essentially, the act outlawed public opposition to the government. This was enforced through the use of fines and possible imprisonment if any individual printed, spoke, wrote, or published any false, malicious, or scandalous writing against the government. During that time, over 20 republican newspaper editors were arrested as well as so being imprisoned. This act was in clear violation of the rights outlined in the first amendment of the constitution. Conflict began to arise between the states and the federal government. Both Virginia and Kentucky determined that the federal law put in place was invalid within their state. All this caused enormous changes towards the end of the decade. Madison, who was the chief architect of the current strong government in the constitution, now began to feel more cautions of national authority. Madison ended up helping Kentucky legislature to reject federal law. This placed state rights above those of the federal government, both states established a model that would eventually be used to justify the secession of many other southern states in the Civil