Disproportionation identification refers to the over or underrepresentation of racial and ethnic backgrounds in special education. It can also be by socioeconomic status, national origin, English proficiency, gender, and sexual orientation. A child's race or ethnicity can significantly influence the probability of being misidentified and inappropriately placed in special education. Factors that can lead to this are language, poverty, and cultural differences. For these students, misidentification or inappropriate placement in special education programs can have devastating consequences. Children are then more likely to encounter a limited curriculum and lower teacher expectations when placed in special education. This can result in children
