Ecn 250 Essay

Chapter 5
Socialization and Interaction

Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.

The Individual and the Self
• Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929; American)
• The Looking Glass Self
• Our self-image reflects how others respond to us.

• We only develop a self-concept by interacting with others.
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.

The Individual and the Self
• George Herbert Mead (1863-1931; American)
• The self is the ability that develops over time to take oneself as an object through a process called taking the role of the other. • Mead also distinguished between the I (the part of the self that is unconscious and creative) and the Me (the organized set of others’ attitudes assumed by the individual).
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.

The Individual and the Self
• The Individual as Performer
• Erving Goffman (1922-1982; American) • Dramaturgy: social life is a series of dramatic performances. • Impression management: when people interact with others they use a variety of techniques to control the image that they want to project. • Front stage: the social performance is designed to define the situation for those observing it. • Back stage: people express themselves in ways that are suppressed in the front.

Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Socialization
• Socialization is the process of learning and accepting the ways of a group or society. • It almost always involves a process of interaction as those with knowledge and experience teach those with a need to acquire that knowledge.

Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Socialization
• Socialization starts in childhood (when children develop a self) and continues over the life span (as adults learn how to function within a changing society). • Agents of socialization are those who do the socializing.

Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Childhood Socialization: The Family
• Parents are called primary agents of socialization because children acquire their first knowledge of language, norms, and values from them. • Parents also engage in anticipatory socialization with their children, teaching them what will be expected of them in the future.
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Childhood Socialization: Schools and Teachers
• As children mature, other people and organizations become socializing forces.

• After parents and family, schools and teachers are the most important agents of socialization.

Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Childhood Socialization: Peers
• A good deal of socialization at school takes place informally through interaction with fellow schoolmates. • As children mature they spend an increasing amount of time in the company of friends. • Peer socialization is increasingly likely to conflict with what is being taught at home and in the schools.
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Childhood Socialization: Gender
• Gender socialization is the transmission of norms and values about what boys and girls can and should do.

• This process starts even before babies are born. • Gender differences (and expectations of behavior) are reinforced by clothes and toys.
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Childhood Socialization: Mass Media and the New Media
• Until recently, much of the emphasis on the role of the media in socialization focused on television. • As children mature, more of their socialization takes place via the computer, smartphones, video games, and other new emerging technologies.
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Childhood Socialization: Consumer Culture
• One needs to be socialized in order to consume. • Socialization of this type takes place (mainly) in consumption sites (malls, shopping sites on the Internet).

• This type of socialization reinforces lessons about race, class, and gender.
Copyright 2012, SAGE Publications, Inc.

Adult Socialization: The Workplace
• Increasing numbers of workers change jobs and even

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