Ecological Structures: Annotated Bibliography

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Considering ecological structures and their relationship with poverty and equality, Morenoff and Tienda (1997) and Rigg (2006) apply ecological and temporal perspectives in different studies on different research scopes, settings, and participants. Regarding ecological perspective, both studies examine the research problems in a wide-range environment with different influencing factors at different levels. With a high concentration on the level of neighborhood (Morenoff &Tienda, 1997) or rural area (Rigg, 2006), the two studies connect those settings with macro level, such as the socioeconomic structures and even global trends of industrialization. Additionally, using temporal perspective, both studies review the ecological structure changing …show more content…
The researchers divide Chicago’s neighborhoods into four ecological categories, including (1) stable middle-class neighborhoods, (2) gentrifying yuppie neighborhoods, (3) transitional working-class neighborhoods, and (4) ghetto underclass neighborhoods (Morenoff & Tienda, 1997, p.64). The researchers point out that the size of each category changed over time in accordance with the transition of main populations among categories. Under the overall impact of deindustrialization, employment, education system, family structure, race and age structure of laborers, house owner occupancy and public assistance transformed, leading to a movement inside the urban city’s ecological structure. This movement includes both upgrading and downgrading trends among four main neighborhood categories. The polarization became more extreme with more fuel toward stable middle-class and ghetto underclass while the transitional working-class significantly reduced its size. This concentration of neighborhood potentially contributes to spatial distribution of opportunities that likely affect underclass the most. According to Morenoff and Tienda (1997), the spatial polarization of inequality tends to integrate into the global inequality …show more content…
Introducing developing countries with dominant tradition of agriculture and farming life, Rigg (2006) emphasizes the out-of-date approach to poverty in those countries that he names it “old poverty” approach (Rigg, 2006, p. 190). In contrast to “old poverty” approach which considers poverty in a narrow angle of land or agricultural resource insufficiency, “new poverty” approach refers to the side-effects of socioeconomic structure transformation. The transformation was embedded in the industrialization process that causes rural landscape transformation, rural-urban mobility, and cultural and social identity of village and farming among farmers. Industrialization process also leads to the development of international trade, technology, and education. All of these changing contributes to an expansion of job opportunity and agrarian reform. As a consequence, livelihood changes, then the results are shown in households’ income and rural transformation. Notably, according Rigg (2006), this changing process seen in different developing countries in the world demonstrates a global transition of
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