Environmental Constraints Of Over Arm Throwing

Over arm throwing has been identified as a motor skill that demonstrates the greatest differences between genders and age groups. Various researches have attributed that multiple individual and environmental constraints may impact either positively or negatively on the developmental stage of an individual. According to the observed results the child’s developmental level was significantly lower than expected for over arm throwing. Research suggests that by the second grade (age 7-8) boy’s predominately express a stage 4 backswing however the participant (aged 14) showed a stage 3 development. In addition Seefelat, Reuschieing, and Vogel (1972) noted that by the ages of 6-8 years boys should display the highest developmental stage for each …show more content…
This may be due to a number of environmental and individual constraints. In 2015 one in four children aged 5-17 years were overweight which impacts upon their movement competence i.e. reported lower levels to their counterparts. This is a potential structural constraint which the individual possess and affected his motivation to continue in team sports such as water polo and cricket which reflects the over arm throwing pattern. The child’s stage 3 development in the trunk action may be a result of his continued participation in swimming which focuses on rotation from side to side. A study by Okely, Booth and Chey (2004, p. 238-47) supports this notion that overweight children do not develop fundamental movement skills or actual competence to the same level as non overweight children due to their reduced enjoyment of and participation in physical activity. The rise of urbanization in the area, which the child resides, has eliminated the number of playing fields available for the practice of throwing technique. The once high crime rate incidents in the area, which has …show more content…
1-10) women rarely ever demonstrate the most developed levels of over arm throwing therefore the participant according to this study is at the expected level. However it was stated in the study that participants at every age at least demonstrated block rotation of the trunk. This component was inconsistent with the observed results in which the individual displayed no trunk action. This may have been due to a number of individual structural and environmental constraints when she was growing up. The highly develop level for the arm actions may related to the participation in netball throughout her younger years which allowed for the early introduction to the correct over arm throwing pattern. A level 3 and level 1 foot and trunk action perhaps is related to the congenital talipes equinovarus in which she was born with. This individual structural constraint was when the left foot appeared to be rotated internally at the ankle thus affecting her full participation in physical activity throughout her childhood. In addition to the study by Haywood et al suggested that changes in the type and amount of physical activity as an adult could promote changes in strength and flexibility within the musculoskeletal system thus affecting the over arm throwing technique. As an adult this decreased participation in sports could be

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Environmental Constraints Of Over Arm Throwing

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