One example is in her love life and her attraction to men who utilize violence to assert power. She continuously brings these men into her and Toby’s lives, never learning from her past mistakes. As a result Toby becomes wary of the fluctuating men in Rosemary’s life and has a hard time trusting them. Toby also feels responsible for keeping his mother away from harm, making him have to act like the parent in their relationship. An example of this is when Rosemary comes back from her date with Gil in tears. “[Rosemary] was crying softly...I rocked her and murmured to her. I was practiced at this and happy doing it, not because she was unhappy but because she needed me, and to be needed made me feel capable.” (page 55). Toby comforts Rosemary the way a parent does to their child and the passage suggests he has done it before. Another way Rosemary is not a good parent is her inability to provide Toby with a stable environment. Whenever life gets hard or unable to bear in one place, they simply escape to a new location. This constant uprooting causes Toby to become a loner and to have a bad choice in friends, as we see in his friendships in Seattle. Rosemary always runs away from her problems and never faces them, and Toby inherits this trait. This is evident when Toby lies to himself and denies responsibility for his actions, a