1. Crimean War – occurred because of failure of the Concert of Europe, massive war between Russia vs Brits, French, Turks
2. Florence Nightingale - British nurse who became a pioneer in modern nursing
3. Second French Republic – The republic formed by the outcome of the February Revolutions that had a strong unicameral legislature and elected a strongly conservative president
4. Second French Empire – Napoleon III coup detat to establish new empire
5. Napoleon III – direct and authoritarian, but also liberal, emperor of the Second French Empire
6. Falloux Law - Louis Napoleon returned control of education to the Church (in return for its support)
7. “Liberal Empire” – referencing 2nd French empire for its multiple liberal reforms
8. Syllabus of Errors, 1864 – Pope Pius IX condemned liberalism with this release
9. Sardinia-Piedmont – area in Italy that the unification movement of Italy shifted to
10. King Victor Emmanuel – leader who supported the unification movement
11. Count Cavour – King Victor Emmanuel’s liberal nationalist who led the unification movement
12. “Il Risorgimento” – newspaper arguing that Sardinia-Piedmont should be the foundation of a new unified Italy
13. Plombiérès, 1859 - Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon III that France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom (controlled by Sardinia)
14. Giuseppe Garibaldi, Red Shirts – liberated southern Italy and Sicily and extended liberal activity to the south
15. “Humiliation of Olmutz” – Austria blocked the attempt of Frederick William IV to unify Germany
16. Zollverein – German customs union that caused a lot of tension between Prussia and Austria
17. kleindeutsch plan – Unified Germany without Austria
18. Otto von Bismarck - led the drive for a Prussian-based Hohenzollern Germany
19. “gap theory” – theory of Bismarck that the constitution had a “gap” that didn’t address the issue of
