How Does DSM-IV Classify Substance Use Disorders?

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2.3 A literature review of genetic epidemiology and substance use disorders
2.3.1 Substance use disorders
DSM-IV classifies substance-related disorders in two ways: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. There are eleven classes of substances: alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, and sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics. Substance use disorders are further identified as either substance abuse disorder or substance dependence disorder. Substance-induced disorders are categorized as substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, and substance-induced mental disorders. The criteria for diagnosing substance dependence include tolerance, withdrawal, increasing …show more content…
The most significant change is that substance abuse disorder and substance dependence disorder are seen as one category: substance use disorder. In DSM-V, “substance use disorder” includes most of the criteria for “substance dependence disorder” and “substance abuse disorder” from DSM-IV; DSM-V no longer mentions the criterion of “recurrent substance use resulting in legal problems” while adding the criterion of “craving to use substance.” Furthermore, DSM-V’s criteria for making a diagnosis of substance use disorder can also be used to indicate its current severity. A diagnosis of “mild” indicates the presence of two or three symptoms, “moderate” means the presence of four or five symptoms, and “severe” is the presence of six or more symptoms. (American Psychiatric Association, …show more content…
Genetic epidemiology has become a fundamental clinical practice; family history is a basic diagnostic tool for many inherited diseases. (Thompson, Orvaschel, Prusoff, & Kidd, 1982) In 1955, Morton et al. demonstrated how the logarithm of odds scores could be used to detect linkage. (Newton E Morton, 1955) In 1974, Ott and colleagues began using a computer program to conduct linkage analysis. (Ott, 1974) In 1996, an association map was developed for complex diseases. (Risch & Merikangas, 1996) In 2002, Ozaki and his colleagues published the first genome wide association study (GWAS) using SNP markers. (Ozaki et al., 2002) In 2007, the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium began to conduct meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies for five psychiatric disorders: autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia.(Sullivan, 2010) In 2009, the International Schizophrenia Consortium developed an innovative approach to evaluating the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: the polygenic score. (Purcell et al.,
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