generation) was established or reestablished in Poland, Russia, and Prussia.
The consolidation of serfdom accompanied the growth of estate agriculture.
Eastern lords enjoyed much greater political power than their western counterparts.
Weak monarchs could not or would not withstand their powerful nobles’ revival of serfdom and, in any case, most eastern monarchs did not oppose the growth of serfdom.
At the same time, the power of towns and urban dwellers was undermined.
The Thirty Years’ War
An uneasy…
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