Attention BISC 102 students!
! Please sit with your teams (from tutorial), and near your TA!
! Why? For team discussions + easy access to your TA’s help!
D101/D201 = Vahab
D102/202 = Raime
D105/D205 = Matt
D103/D203 = Melanie
D106/D206 = Heather
D104/D204 = Tim
D107 = Seth
1
Week 4: Phylogenetic relationships
This week we’ll learn:
1. How we use phylogenies when classifying life.
2. How to read phylogenetic trees.
3. What data are useful for building phylogenetic trees.
4. How to build and compare phylogenetic trees.
2
1. How we use phylogenies when classifying life
Mini-review: Linnaean classification system
! Species grouped into increasingly large and inclusive taxa, based on homologies (one e.g. of many)
Species:
Panthera pardus aka leopard
Genus: Panthera (cranial features)
Family: Felidae (retractable claws)
Order: Carnivora (carnivorous teeth)
Class: Mammalia (milk and hair)
Phylum: Chordata (nerve/spinal cord)
Kingdom: Animalia (multicellular chemoheterotrophs) Domain: Eukarya (mitochondria and organelles)
3
1. How we use phylogenies when classifying life
Mini-review: Linnaean classification system
! Species grouped into increasingly large and inclusive taxa, based on homologies (one e.g. of many)
Species:
Panthera pardus
Genus: Panthera (cranial features)
Family: Felidae (retractable claws)
Order: Carnivora (carnivorous teeth)
Class: Mammalia (milk and hair)
Phylum: Chordata (nerve/spinal cord)
Kingdom: Animalia (multicellular chemoheterotrophs) Domain: Eukarya (mitochondria and organelles)
Tip: Use a mnemonic device to remember:
Dumb Kids Playing Catch On Freeways Go Splat
4
1. How we use phylogenies when classifying life
Mini-review: Linnaean classification system
! Species grouped into increasingly large and inclusive taxa, based on homologies (one e.g. of many)
Species:
Panthera pardus
Genus: Panthera (cranial features)
Family: Felidae (retractable claws)
Order: Carnivora (carnivorous teeth)
Class: Mammalia (milk and hair)
Phylum: Chordata (nerve/spinal cord)
Kingdom: Animalia (multicellular chemoheterotrophs) Domain: Eukarya (mitochondria and organelles)
Tip: Use a mnemonic device to remember:
Dutifully Keeping Precious Creatures Organized For Grumpy
5
Scientists
1. How we use phylogenies when classifying life
Mini-review: Linnaean classification system
! Species grouped into increasingly large and inclusive taxa, based on homologies (one e.g. of many)
Species:
Panthera pardus
Genus: Panthera (cranial features)
Family: Felidae (retractable claws)
Order: Carnivora (carnivorous teeth)
Class: Mammalia (milk and hair)
Phylum: Chordata (nerve/spinal cord)
Kingdom: Animalia (multicellular chemoheterotrophs) Domain: Eukarya (mitochondria and organelles)
Tip: Use a mnemonic device to remember:
Dirty Kinky People Can Often Find Great Sex
6
1. How we use phylogenies when classifying life
How does this relate to phylogenetic relationships?
! Each higher taxon contains a larger branch of the “tree”, entirely!
! Notice that derived homologous traits are used to define each taxon
**When we classify living things, we use these trees, and these traits**
7
1. How we use phylogenies when classifying life
How does this relate to phylogenetic relationships?
! Each higher taxon contains a larger branch of the “tree”, entirely!
! Notice that derived homologous traits are used to define each taxon
**When we classify living things, we use these trees, and these traits**
A
B
C
E.g. Choose the smallest taxon that includes cats and:
1. Tigers
8
1. How we use phylogenies when classifying life
How does this relate to phylogenetic relationships?
! Each higher taxon contains a larger branch of the “tree”, entirely!
! Notice that derived homologous traits are used to define each taxon
**When we classify living things, we use these trees, and these traits**
A
B
C
E.g. Choose the smallest taxon that includes cats and:
1. Tigers (C)
9
1. How we use phylogenies when classifying life
How does this
