Hydrate Research Paper

Words: 733

Pages: 3

Open Document

2.9 HYDRATE TYPES AND FORMERS
Hydrates of natural gas components are classified based on the orientation of the water molecules in the crystal, and this determines their crystal structures. The water molecules align, because of the hydrogen bonding, into three-dimensional sphere-like structures often referred to as a cage. A second molecule resides inside the cage and stabilizes the entire structure. According to E.D Sloan Jr. 1991 report, the gas hydrates of interest to the oil and gas industry are those composed of methane, Ethane, propane, Iso-butane, n-butane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide.

There are two types of hydrates commonly encountered in the oil and gas industry. These are called type I and type II. They are also referred to as structures I and II. Occasionally, Type H (structure H) is encountered as the third type of hydrate. Table 2.2 provides a quick comparison among type I, type II, and type H hydrates. Figure 2.8 shows the types of polyhedral cages involved in type I and II hydrates. …show more content…
As earlier said, typical formers are the CH4, C2H6, CO2 and H2S. This structure is made from two types of cages; small and large. Methane, Carbon dioxide, and Hydrogen sulphide, as guest molecules can occupy both the small and the large cages. On the other hand, the ethane molecule occupies only the large cages. Figure 2.7 below shows (1) Dodecahedron, a twelve-sided polyhedron having each face a regular pentagon, and (2) Tetrakaidecahedron, a fourteen-sided polyhedron having twelve pentagonal faces and two hexagonal faces. The dodecahedral cages are smaller than the tetrakaidecahedral cages; thus, the dodecahedra are often referred to as small cages whereas the tetrakaidecahedra cages are referred to as large

Hydrate Research Paper

A hydrate is a molecule that naturally holds on to a water molecule. An anhydrate is the molecule after it has been removed from the water molecule. The test tube must be cooled before finding its mass because a hot substance has a lower density than a cool substance, therefore, when the formula is used, M=DV, the hotter substance will have a lower mass, and the cool substance will have a higher mass. In addition, a hot test tube could damage the scale, as it is electronic. The mass of the anhydrous…

Words 432 - Pages 2

Type 2 Hydrates Research Paper

TYPE II HYDRATES: The structure of the Type II hydrates is signifi cantly more complicated than that of the Type I. The Type II hydrates are also constructed from two types of cages. The unit structures of a Type II hydrate are (1) Dodecahedron, a twelve-sided polyhedron where each face is a regular pentagon, and (2) Hexakaidecahedron, a sixteen-sided polyhedron with twelve pentagonal faces and four hexagonal faces. The dodecahedral cages are smaller than the hexakaidecahedron cages. The Type…

Words 511 - Pages 3

Catalyst science Essay

Properties of Al-Ce mixed oxides prepared mechanochemically Květa Jirátováa, Alla Spojakinab, Jan Klempaa, Jana Balabánováa, Joro Tyulievb, Ludek Kaluzhaa, Radostina Palchevab, Radek Fajgara aInstitute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Rozvojová 135, 165 02, Czech Republic bInstitute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, acad. G.Bonchev str., bl.11, 1113, Bulgaria Abstract High surface alumina and its mixtures with different quantities of CeO2 (1-…

Words 4833 - Pages 20

Alzheimers: Alzheimer ' s Disease and Brain Essay

Abstract This paper covers what the disease Alzheimer’s is and how it comes about. It includes research from relevant sources incorporating symptoms; how to prevent it, and the treatments that can help slow down the process of memory loss. Alzheimer’s is becoming more and more common and today there has not been a specific treatment, but researchers are continuing the hunt to not just slow down the process of memory loss, but to put it to a halt. They are also trying to find more accurate ways…

Words 2785 - Pages 12

Essay on Lac tate and Choline Metaboli tes Detected In Vitro by

6, Andrew D. J. Pearson3,4, Martin O. Leach1 1 Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, 2 Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, 3 Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United…

Words 9664 - Pages 39

Essay on Physical theatre

that all physical theatre shares some common characteristics although each individual performance need not exhibit all such characteristics to be defined as physical theatre. Her research into the training or "work" of physical theatre artists cites an amalgamation of numerous elements adopted as a means to further inform the theatrical research/production. [1] These elements include: ● ● ● ● Devised origins, rather than originated from a preexisting script Interdisciplinary origins it crosses between music…

Words 6691 - Pages 27

Coco Energy Drink Essay

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Rationale of the Study Across the globe today, more and more people are becoming drawn to living healthy lifestyles, and practicing healthy eating habits. With the proliferation of diseases previously unheard of and the progression of already identified ones into more life-threatening strains, the adage “prevention is better than cure” has become a mantra among individuals wishing to preserve the well-being of their bodies. The natural products health…

Words 14924 - Pages 60

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Essay

Science For Living Notes (Compiled) Table of Contents Unit 1 Measurement 5-10 Unit 2 Matter 11-48 Unit 3 Basic materials for maintaining life Air 49-54 Water 55-68 Food 69-71 Other biomolecules of life 72-76 Unit 4 Energy in the Community Electricity 77-78 Heat 78-81 Light 82-91 Sound 92 Simple Machines 93-99 Unit 5 The Physical Environment Weather and Climate 100-113 Soils 114-128…

Words 35677 - Pages 143