Questions On Ammonia

Submitted By jerseyscorpio
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Key questions:

2.The element is built and behaves in a way that makes this happen.
When you energize the element, the electrons get excited and gain energy.
This causes them to jump up into other shells, having higher states of energy.
The electrons quickly crash back down, though.
This crash releases the loss of energy in the form of light (photons).

The further the fall, the greater the energy loss, the higher energy the photon(s).
So (these are just random numbers I'm throwing out), maybe the visible spectrum is a drop from (s=shell) S=5 to S=3, while the UV emission could be a drop from S=6 to S=2.
UV has much more energy
The absorption spectrum results from electrons absorbing light of specific wavelengths and moving from low energy levels to high energy levels. When they move back to the lower energy level they emit light of the same wavelengths they absorbed, producing the emission spectrum.

6. ammonia has a triangular pyramid shape

The orbitals around the N are hybridized into sp³

Ammonia is NOT a tetrahedron, although some people would say that the valence orbitals are in a tetrahedral "shape". It is much better to discuss the shape of a molecule and the hybridization of the orbitals.
10. in methane, there are four covalently bonded electron groups, each to an H atom.

In water, there are two lone pairs of electrons. The electron dense configuration of water yields this different shape. Because of the high electron density in those two floating orbitals it pushes the two covalent bonds downward. This yields the dipole moment, and the angled bond in water.
In the iodate ion, the central iodine is bonded to three oxygen atoms and has a lone pair. It has the pyramidal shape (trigonal pyramidal or trigonal nonplanar depending on your book's author), it is not symmetrical, and it is therefore polar. But it's actually an ion, so many would say that the fact that it is polar is trivial. I'm not trying to make a judgment here, though I'm inclined to agree.

Methane forms a perfect tetrahedron with sp3 hybridization with four hydrogen atoms around the central carbon and showing bond angles of 109.5 degrees. A water molecule also shows sp3 hybridization, but two of the pairs of electrons around the central oxygen are bonded to hydrogen’s and two are lone pairs. The lone pairs are often described as taking up more room, but I think it's easier to think of it this way: Each bonded pair of electrons lie between the oxygen atom and a hydrogen nucleus (which is a proton). That means that (moving outward from the oxygen) there is a pair of electrons and then a positively charged nucleus. The lone pairs, however, are not bonded to another nucleus. The bond angles depend on the repulsion of the electron pairs, and the regions containing the lone pairs is more negative, and repel more strongly, than the regions containing a pair of electrons bonded to the hydrogen nuclei. The lone pairs repel more strongly, pushing the bonded pairs away from them and closer to each other. The bond angle shrinks from 109.5 degrees to approximately 104.5 degrees
11. The main one is that CO2 is NOT a liquid at standard temp and pressure, so the business's building would cost a lot of money just enhancing the structure to pressurize the building to several atmospheres!!!
And, if you use temperature controls, CO2 sublimates directly from solid to gas. This means it does not go into a liquid state normally. This is why dry ice "melts" without leaving anything behind. It's frozen CO2, which becomes a gas as it cools. Doesn't hit liquid phase at all.

Carbon is very good solvent because it has the
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