The Technologies can be Grouped by their
Functionality:
• Route Guidance
• Driver Assistance
• Vehicle Control
• Fleet Management
• Communications
POTENTIAL APPLICATION SYSTEMS
Traveller Services
Access for the Elderly and Disabled
Making Travel Safer
Helping Business
Intermodal Journeys
Environmental Safeguards
Law Enforcement
Coping with Congestion
Electronic Payment
MOST OF THESE APPLICATIONS CONTAIN MORE THAN ONE
FUNCTIONAL STREAM
WHY APPLICATION FOCUS?
• Applications will provide the User Value, not raw
Technologies
• Many Technologies will be shared between
Applications
• Much of the Application Value will be generated
OFF the Vehicle (eg by Service Providers)
WHAT IS OFFERED WILL DEPEND MORE ON USERS’ NEEDS
AND VALUE SYSTEMS THAN ON TECHNOLOY
CONTROL IMPLICATIONS
CONTROL SYSTEM BASICS
ACTUATOR
POWER
SOURCE
ACTUATOR
CONTROLLER
ACTUATOR
OUTPUT
SENSOR
CONTROL MESSAGE
FEEDBACK
LINK
DESIRED VALUE INPUT
Desired values:
•human input
•fixed values
•memorised personal factors
•pre-planned sequence
•mathematical model
POWER LINE
CONTROL LINE
CONTROL CALCULATION
Response calculation:
•proportional to difference
•integral of difference
•trend in difference
•look-up tbale
•mathematical model
LEARN TO IDENTIFY THE ELEMENTS OF EACH SYSTEM
CONTROL SYSTEM ISSUES
• These systems are “Soft” Systems, where there is usually a human link
• Actuators [Vehicles, Traffic Control
Equipment] have been in place for many
Years
• Four Enablers are now enabling Closed
Loop [Feedback] Operation:
–
–
–
–
Low-cost Electronic Sensing
High-density Communications
Automated Data Analysis
Automated Control Actions
TRAVELLER SERVICES
TRAVELLER SERVICES
[Basic Navigation System]
•MAPS
•SERVICE
LOCATIONS
•LEISURE
IDEAS
•BUSINESS
LOCATIONS
etc
GPS
SATELLITES
[5 needed for
3-D position]
CD-ROM
DRIVE
DISPLAY
GYRO-COMPASS
(FOR DIRECTION)
ANTENNA
ODOMETRY
(FOR DEADRECKONING)
ACCURACY (RAW GPS): ±5M
WITH DEAD RECKONING ±1M
CONTROL IMPLICATIONS OF
NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
Available
Traffic
System
Visual/Audio
Messages
Driver
+
Vehicle
GPS +
Dead Reckoning
+ DGPS
FEEDBACK
LINK
DIRECTION MESSAGE
Digital Map
Driver Destination Input
Response calculation:
•multi-sensor model
•Mathematical models
•AI models
GPS POSITIONING ACCURACY
Error Type
Typical GPS (m)
Worst-Case GPS (m)
Satellite Clock
2 to 3
25
Satellite Orbit
1 to 2
5
SA
30 to 50
100
Ephemeris Prediction
3 to 5
15
Ionosphere Delay
10 to 15
100
Troposphere Delay
3 to 5
30
Multipath
10
300
Receiver Noise
5
15
TOTAL EFFECT
100 (95%)
300 (99.9%)
GPS CHARACTERISTICS
ITEM
CHARACTERISTICS
Satellites
24 Satellites broadcasting signals autonomously.
Orbits
Six planes at 550 inclination, each orbital plane includes four satellites ak 20,231 Km