Ira Berlin’s essay “From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the origins of African-American society in Mainland North America,” argues that creoles, the descendants of early African and European interaction, had arrived in North America as slaves but were resourceful enough to construct their own communities, impact their surroundings and environment, and apply their skills in the New World. Creoles brought with them knowledge of a variety of African and European languages which enabled them to communicate widely1. This ability to communicate across cultures made the business of the Creole community easier to dominate. The creole community was in the business of trade throughout the Atlantic World2. Catering to the special needs of European
