Hughes was born on July 27, 1895 to George and Anna Hughes. By the age of five she was playing the piano. She completed a course Hartshorn Memorial College in Richmond, Virginia and received a certificate. Hughes graduated from Oberlin High School in 1915. While in high school, she sang with the girls' choir. She also played the violin and composed a rally song for the school.
After high school, Hughes attended Howard University in Washington, D.C., where she studied piano and voice. She received her music degree in 1917 and stayed on in Washington