1. Explain the way Islam began to fragment along two separate paths. What were these paths, and how were these beliefs different? The Islamic religion and state began to fragment and break after the death and assassination of the third Caliph Uthman. The assassination was conducted by the rebels, the same people who then nominated Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and trusted son in law. War and disputes erupted over this controversy. The issue was over of Ali had the right to rule as Caliph. Some believe he has full authority and right while some others believe differently. Some Islamic followers believe that only a descendant of Muhammad should rule as Caliphate and agree with Ali being chosen as Caliphate are called the Shi’ites and