On October 6, 2010 at 8:58 A.M. Joshua L Haskins will take his final breath; he is only fifty-one days old. Born on August 16, 2010 to Shane and Jill Powley Haskins, Joshua was born with a congenital heart defect. At only 4 days old Joshua had survived his first of multiple open heart surgeries; Joshua truly was a fighter. On October 5, 2010 around 1 P.M Joshua was going to undergo his final surgery; a circumcision. Two hours had passed and the bleeding would not stop. Joshua’s doctor had been standing next to him adding pressure to the wound for two and a half hours, until finally the physician decided to call the urologist. At 7:30 P.M. the urologist arrived and suggested them to add a stitch or two. The urologist explained that during…show more content… Unfortunately, one in five hundred circumcision surgeries ends in acute complications which can lead to the removal of the penis. According to Howard Stang it is observed that the infant will “cry vigorously, tremble, and in some cases become mildly cyanotic because of prolonged crying.” Studies have suggested that circumcision is the most painful surgery done in neonatal medicine, yet the United States is the only country to circumcise infants without medical or religious reason. "The unnecessary removal of a functioning body organ in the name of tradition, custom or any other non-disease related cause should never be acceptable to the health profession,” according Nahid Toubia, M.D. Often many argue that infants do not feel pain or remember the surgery. This is simply not true, a study from Oxford University found that infants not only feel pain like adults but have a lower pain threshold. Not only does an infant suffer from incredible physical pain, it has also been observed that infants go through behavioral changes similar to PTSD up to six months after the surgery. According to U.S. Title 18 Crimes and Criminal Procedure 18 USCA Section…show more content… No physician can accurately diagnosis phimosis in an infant or young child because all males are born with a nonretractable foreskin that eventually retracts as they grow older. Appearance and cleanliness is the number one reason on why we circumcise both males and females and often used as a justification in all cultures that participates in circumcision. In a time where the majority of American citizens can bathe and wash regularly this does not partake to us. Other reasons include the prevention of cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, and urinary tract infections. The American Society of Cancer has stated, “Although infant circumcision can lower the risk of penile cancer, based on the low risk of this cancer in the US, it would take over 900 circumcisions to prevent one case of penile cancer in this country.” Three studies conducted in Kenya, Uganda, and sub-Saharan South Africa revealed that circumcision of heterosexual men could reduce the risk of HIV 53 to 60 percent (Robert Bailey, Ronald Gray, pg. 643, pg.657). The study consisted men who volunteered to be circumcised, half of them were chosen to be circumcised, and finally they watched and waited to see who would contact HIV. Many dubious things occurred during these studies that were not reported such as; volunteers were given condoms and safe sex counseling when they visited the clinic. Many of the volunteers were asked
