The article bring up the paradox of whether jus in bello and jus ad bellum can be separate. “If unjust combatants fight without violating the rules governing the conduct of war, all their individual acts of war are permissible,” says the article, “Yet these individual acts together constitute a war that is unjust and therefore impermissible. But how can a series of individually permissible acts be collectively impermissible?” Taking all the other evidence into account, one answer is that although the combatants may be followed the rules of just conduct, the force they are exerting will not be overshadowed by any good, and is therefore unjust. The only justifiable reason to use force is if the force will be outweighed by the benefits, and any war that involves violence without stronger benefits is