Kwate discusses several studies that investigated the health effects of racism regarding gender and socioeconomic differences. Quantitative racism measures individual experience with day-to-day racism and major incidents and African-Americans as a group experience racism. The study had individuals list a memorable incident of racism that fit into five categories which include resources/opportunity, criminal profiling, racial aggression, interpersonal incivilities, and stereotyping. Black women were more likely to face discrimination in their lifetime with more education. They attend college more than African American males, but their education carries a penalty of more racism. The study states that “For Black women, high levels of education
