Anatomy Lab #2 – Axial Skeleton Name ___________________
Book Reference: Chapters 5 & 6
Goals for this lab:
1. Identification of basic bone structure
2. Identification of axial bones
3. Identification of axial bone landmarks
Part I: Basic Bone Anatomy
1. Define diaphysis. Shaft of the bone
2. Define epiphyses. Extremities of the bone
3. Define metaphyses. Region where the diaphysis & the epiphyses meet
4. What is the epiphyseal plate. Layer of hyaline cartilage that allow the bone to grow lengthwise
5. Define articular cartilage. Cartilage that covers the epiphyses; reduces friction at the joint
6. Define periosteum. What are the 2 layers of the periosteum. Connective tissue covering the diaphysis; fibrous outer layer & osteogenic inner layer
7. Define medullary cavity. Space within the diaphysis containing fatty yellow marrow
8. Define endosteum. Membrane which lines the medullary cavity
9. What is hydroxyapatite (tricalcium phosphate)? What is calcium carbonate? Are they both part of the matrix? Both are mineral salts that makes up the bone; Yes
10. Name the 4 types of bone cells & list their function or characteristics. Osteoprogenitor cells - develop into osteoblasts, mitotically active; osteoblasts - secrete collagen, no mitotic ability; osteocytes - mature bone cells, maintain daily metabolic activity; osteoclasts - modified monocytes that breakdown & reabsorb bone
11. What is an osteon? Basic structural unit of bone = Haversian system
12. Define lamellae. Concentric rings of hard, calcified matrix
13. Define lacunae. Spaces that contain osteocytes
14. Define canaliculi. Canals connecting lacunae with each other & the central canals; conduit system for nutrient & waste transport
15. What is the function of Volkmann’s canals. Canals connecting the vessels of the periosteum with the Haverian canals & the medullary cavity
16. Does spongy bone contain osteons? Haversian canals? NO; NO
17. What is the difference between intramembranous & endochondral ossification? Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone directly on or within fibrous CT; Endochondral ossification is the formation of bone from a cartilage model
18. Name the 4 zones of the epiphyseal plate. Resting, Proliferating, Hypertrophic, Calcified
Part II: Bone markings
19. What is a fissure? Narrow, cleft-like opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass
20. What is a fossa? A depression in or on a bone
21. What is a condyle? Large, rounded protuberance at the end of a bone; forms a joint
22. What is a facet? Smooth, flat surface; forms a joint
Part III: Axial Skeleton
23. Name the bones of the cranium? Frontal, Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid
24. Name the bones of the face? Nasal (2), Maxillas (2), Zygomatic (2), Mandible, Lacrimal (2), Palatine (2), Inferior nasal conchae (2), Vomer
25. What is the significance of the zygomatic processes of the temporal bones? Possesses mandibular fossa & articular tubercle which articulates with the condylar process of the mandible to form the temporomandibular joint
26. What is the significance of the mastoid processes of the temporal bones? Attachment point for neck muscles
27. What is the significance of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone? Allows the spinal cord & blood vessels to pass into & out of the brain
28. What is the significance of the occipital condyles of the occipital bone? They articulate with the atlas
29. What is the significance of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone? Cradles the pituitary gland
30. What is the significance of the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone? Contains olfactory foramina which allow the olfactory nerves to enter the brain from the nasal cavity
31. What is the significance of the crista galli of the ethmoid bone? Attachment points for the brain membranes (meninges)
32. What are alveolar processes? Where do you find them?
