ABSTRACT
Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is considered as the gold standard treatment for Gall bladder diseases. Despite all the advantages it is not free of complications and various difficulties can be encountered while doing this procedure. Many variables such as male gender, age >60years, presence of pericholecystic fluid etc have been identified as risk factors for difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy but there is no consensus among surgeons regarding parameters to predict which LC is going to be difficult. Assessing the association of these variables with difficult LC will help in strengthening further the already available evidence of association of different factors with difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy and for…show more content… Emergency/elective surgery
14. Intraperitoneal pressure
a. <12mm Hg b. ≥12mm Hg
15. Gall bladder retrieval technique
Patients will be informed about the procedure and written informed consent will be taken in
Hindi/English or, Punjabi. Patients will also be informed about the possible conversion to open cholecystectomy preoperatively.
Statistical Analysis
The data will be entered into Microsoft excel® sheet. Data will be summarized using frequency distribution and descriptive analyses. Chi square test will be used to find the association of categorical variables and Fischer exact test will be used when frequency of a cell will be <5. T-test or Mann-Whitney test will be used to find the significance difference of continuous variables. The P value <0.05 will be considered significant. All statistical analyses
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will be performed using SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Sciences, version 21.0.
Armonk, NY: IBM corp.).
Sample Size
By using the outcome from the previous study “Assessment of operative predictors for difficulty in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy” by Husain et al(14), the sample size N=110 was calculated by using the formula N= Zα
2*P*(1-P)/ d2, where Zα
2=1.96 is standard normal deviate, P is Expected Proportion and d is absolute
