Lecture 7 The Atmosphere And The Oceans

Submitted By fckuformakinmemakeAa
Words: 1483
Pages: 6
Open Document
Lecture 7: The Atmosphere and the Oceans
PHS 109
Week of 10/7/14

Announcements
• HW 2 due Thurs, 10/9
• Quiz 2 next Thurs, 10/16
– Will cover chapters 4-6
– Similar format to last time
– Review guide to be posted by Thurs
– Review/trivia next Tues

Salinity can also be measured by satellites!
• NASA Aquarius (launched in 2011)

https://www.youtube.c om/watch? v=5xQP_B18vMw

How does solar (shortwave) radiation hit the surface of the Earth?
• The amount of it is “constant” everywhere, but the amount per unit area depends on location and season! The Earth’s heat budget
• Solar radiation in=energy out (emission, reflection, etc.) • Out of 100% incoming radiation at the top of the atmosphere – ~50% absorbed by Earth’s surface – ~30% reflected out to space – ~20% absorbed by clouds and atmospheric gases

Figure 6.2

The Earth’s heat budget
• Whatever energy is absorbed must be emitted, or re-radiated, from a body or surface (infrared or longwave radiation)
• Surface, clouds, gases emit IR radiation • Note also outgoing heat fluxes exist – Latent heat flux occurs due to evaporation and condensation of water – Sensible heat flux due to heated rising air

The heat budget is balanced globally, but not at every latitude!
• The Poles have an energy deficit (In < Out)
• The Equator has an energy surplus (In>Out)
• The middle latitudes have energy balance (In=Out)
• How is balance maintained such that the Equator doesn’t get hotter and hotter, and the
Poles get colder and colder?

The atmosphere
• A thin envelope of gases above our surface

Atmospheric composition

Atmospheric structure

Thermosphere=temperature increases with height because level most influenced by incoming solar radiation Mesosphere=temperature decreases with height

Stratosphere=temperature increases with height due to ozone as main constituent (ultraviolet absorption)
Troposphere=where our weather happens, level closest to Earth’s surface, ~10km , temperature decreases with height

Density is also related to air temperature and water vapor in the air
• Which is denser, cold or warm air? Why?
• Which is denser, dry or moist air? Why?

Density is also related to air temperature and water vapor in the air
• Which is denser, cold or warm air? Why?
– Cold air moves slower, takes up a smaller volume

• Which is denser, dry or moist air? Why?
– Dry air weighs more than moist air since lighter water vapor is replacing heavier nitrogen and oxygen molecules

Carbon dioxide: a trace gas, but…
• Very important atmospheric constituent because it is major gas (along with methane, ozone and water vapor) involved in the greenhouse effect
• This effect makes Earth’s average temperature sufficient for life…if it didn’t exist, neither would we!

Average Earth Temperature = 0°F

Average Earth Temperature = 59°F

Fig 2.13 from Ahrens, 2009

Anthropogenic CO2 concentrations
• Since the Industrial
Revolution (1700s), atmospheric CO2 concentrations have risen steadily to the present day
(reached 400 ppm in 2013 for the first time)
• This has enhanced the greenhouse effect and contributed to global warming along with natural causes

Atmospheric pressure
• Force with which a column of overlying air presses on an area of Earth’s surface
• Air that is less dense exerts a lower surface pressure; air that is more dense exerts a higher surface pressure • Questions
– Does cold or warm air exert lower surface pressure?
Why?
– Does moist or dry air exert lower surface pressure? Why?

Atmospheric pressure
• Force with which a column of overlying air presses on an area of Earth’s surface
• Air that is less dense exerts a lower surface pressure; air that is more dense exerts a higher surface pressure • Questions
– Does cold or warm air exert lower surface pressure?
Why?
– Does moist or dry air exert lower surface pressure? Why?

Pressure and density
• Both decrease exponentially with height in the atmosphere! Fig. 1-21 from Lutgens

How does a sea breeze form?
• Differential
Show More

Related Documents: Lecture 7 The Atmosphere And The Oceans

Essay on Lecture 7

Business Environment and Strategic Management Click to edit Master title style Strategic options: Strategic directions Click to edit Master subtitle style LD0495 Lecture 7 8/3/15 1 Reminder: Outline of the process of strategic management Business Environment Current Strategies SWOT Key Issues Feedback Strategic Options Strategy Implementation Analysis Strategic Capability Current Objectives Diagnosis Decision Implementation A simplified view of the process The Past Analysis The…

Words 724 - Pages 3

924 Lecture 7 Essay

   Strategy, accounting, and financial performance analyses provide valuable information that help to shape forecast assumptions. Forecasts of future performance should be comprehensive, including all condensed financial statements. The starting point for forecasts should be the time series behavior of key measures such as sales growth, earnings, and ROE (and its components).        A projection of future performance of the firm Strategic Analysis – strategy and competitive performance…

Words 1680 - Pages 7

HND BUS U05 ACNB Lecture 7 1 Essay

HND in BUSINESS UNIT 5 Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business LECTURE SLIDES Duty of care Learning outcome Understand principles of liability in negligence in business activities Aim of the session To review how negligence differs in tort and contract law with emphasis on duty of care TOPIC 7 UNIT 5: Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Negligence Negligence is now the most significant tort Whereas other torts protect particular interests (for example, defamation protects…

Words 604 - Pages 3

Cf2 Study Guide 2013 Essay

| | |Day 2 |Course Introduction/Facility Tour/Professionalism/Foundations I Curriculum Review/Stocks/Leading Sauces |Lecture: 3 hr 15 min. | |Lecture 1 |Read pgs. 227-240 LCBCF | | |Tuesday 5-22-12 |…

Words 573 - Pages 3

Entry: Rock Music and Lecture Essay

foreign language – immerse yourself by listening to the song examples repeatedly. Ask questions if you do not fully understand something. The same applies to listening skills - if you are not hearing the musical characteristics discussed during the lectures and in your readings, please ask for help! This course fulfills the CORE Category II: Methods of Inquiry requirement as an Art elective. Required Text & Technology: What’s That Sound? 3rd edition by John Covach. Turning Technologies ResponseCard…

Words 1494 - Pages 6

Essay on Exam Sample

(SOU) Semester 5, 2012 Examination Information for ORDINARY, DEFERRED AND SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS Time Allowed: THREE (3) hours + 15 minutes reading time (you are permitted to write during reading time) Instructions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. There are SIX (6) questions to be marked out of a total 100 marks. Some questions have more than one part. Answer ALL questions. You may answer the questions in any order but PLEASE clearly identify the question…

Words 837 - Pages 4

Module: International Economics Essay

| Table of Contents 1. Aims of the Module | P.2 | 2. Learning Outcomes | P.2-3 | 3. Contact and Study Hours | p.3 | 4. Learning and Teaching Methods | p.3 | 5. Key Texts | p.3 | 6. Assessment Overview | p.4-5 | 7. Academic Misconduct | p.4 | 8. Late Submission | p.4 | 9. Attendance and Punctuality | p.5 | 10. In Case of Illness | p.5 | 11. Weekly Schedule | p.5-6 | Welcome to FC006, International economics. This is a core module that provides…

Words 1389 - Pages 6

Managing Strategy And Change

Module Guide MANAGING STRATEGY AND CHANGE BBM-7-MSC Faculty of Business 2014/2015 MBA (Level 7) Table of Contents 1. Module Details 3 2. Short Description 3 3. Aims of the Module 3 4. Learning Outcomes 3 4.1 Knowledge and Understanding 3 4.2 Intellectual Skills 4 4.3 Practical Skills 4 4.4 Transferable Skills 4 5. Assessment of the Module 4 6. Feedback 5 7. Introduction to Studying the Module 5 7.1 Overview of the Main Content 5 7.2 Overview of Types of Classes 6 7.3 Importance of…

Words 3063 - Pages 13

Essay Matrix Algebra & Automatic-Matrices!

QABE Lecture 7 Matrices III: Matrix Algebra & Automatic-Matrices! School of Economics, UNSW 2011 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 More on Matrix Algebra 2.1 Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 3 Matrices on Computers 4 1 Introduction Having learnt a bit about what is going on with matrices, we just have a few more loose ends to tie up. Specifically, we’ll go over the algebra of matrices. This is just like what we would…

Words 849 - Pages 4

Case Study: General Anthropology

demonstrate an understanding of the four major fields of anthropology. This course has been approved to satisfy the Comprehensive Articulation Agreement general education core requirement in social/behavioral sciences. Instructional Approaches: Video Lectures, peer discussion, and individual writing assignments. Class Meeting Dates, time, location: Online delivery via Moodle: http://moodle.cravencc.edu/ Faculty: Dr. Cynthia Bellacero Office Location: H 102D Phone: 638-7328 Office…

Words 1853 - Pages 8