The first thing one will notice, of course, is that the film was shot in black-and-white. Spielberg uses this cinematographic technique of chiaroscuro to bring verisimilitude to the film. This choice also heightens the documentary style feel of the cinematography. He uses these techniques in order to take the edge off the bloodshed, and to strike a contrast between awareness of the Holocaust and apathy. Because of this contrast, it makes the introduction of color in this scene an extremely emotionally powerful moment. The girl’s red coat is the only time (excluding the credits and Shabat candles) that color appears in the film. Before we delve deeper, here’s a quote from Spielberg himself about the image:
“America, Russia and England all knew about the Holocaust when it was happening, and yet we did nothing about it. We didn't assign any of our forces to stopping the march toward death, the inexorable march toward death. It was a large bloodstain, primary red color on everyone's radar, but no one did anything about it. And that's why I wanted to bring the color red in.”1
Spielberg has been known to state multiple times that the process of shooting this film was a deeply emotional process for him and those around him which is reflected in the aforementioned quote. Using Spielberg’s quote as a jumping off point, the girl in the red coat is the most obvious symbol in the entire film. In this scene, she walks around seemingly oblivious to the horrors unfolding around her. In a way, she represents Spielberg’s own feelings on the lack of action the world powers took in stopping this genocide from unfolding. They chose to be blind to the horrors unfolding right before their very eyes. And, as Spielberg mentions, red is symbolic of a “bloodstain”. By bringing in such a distinct color over a relatively small area in a black-and-white film, one begins to really feel that this is a stain that can never be washed away. Children are the very essence of innocence and, in this scene, the little girl in red is not only representing the innocence of a child, she also represents the