Reminders & Course Business
Silence
your cell phones Exam 1 Results posted later today
24 hour waiting period before you
contact TA!
2
Mean = 34.9
1 SD (+/- 6.1) 2 SD
Lecture 9 Objectives
Why
do we do what we do? Major theories of motivation
BIS/BAS Expectancy X Value Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
How
do we explain hunger and eating?
Biologically? Psychologically?
4
What is motivation?
Motivation: a process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goaldirected behavior
5
WHY do we do things?
Instincts: No Longer the Explanation
Darwin’s theory of
evolution
Instinct: a strong,
biological characteristic that automatically produces a particular response when the organism is exposed to a particular stimulus
Circular reasoning
7
A More Modern Approach
Homeostasis:
internal physiological equilibrium
Requires:
○ A sensory
mechanism ○ A response system ○ A control center
Set point: fixed level
that maintains homeostasis
8
Homeostatic Disequilibrium
Imbalance
leads to drives (Hull, 1943)
Drives:
internal ‘tensions’ that motivate an organism
9
Homeostatic Disequilibrium
BUT we often behave in ways that increase rather than reduce arousal
10
Major Psychological Theories
We Will Talk About
1. Approach/Avoidance (BIS/BAS) 2. Cognitive Processes 3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Read on your own
1. Psychodynamic views 2. Self-determination theory
Approach Vs. Avoidance (Gray, 1991)
Behavioral Activation
System (BAS): produces movement toward positive goals in anticipation of pleasure Inhibition System (BIS): produces fear and escape/avoidant behaviors
Behavioral
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WANT
DO NOT WANT
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Cognitive Process Views
Expectancy x value theory: behavior is motivated by
○ Strength of the expectation that behavior will lead
to a goal ○ Incentive value that person places on goal
Incentives are stimuli in environment that pull for
behavior
Motivation
Expectancy (can you get it?)
Incentive Value (do you want it?)
14
Cognitive Process Views
Extrinsic
motivation: performing an activity to obtain an external reward or to avoid punishment motivation: performing an activity for its own sake
Intrinsic
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Maslow’s (1954) Hierarchy of Needs
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Hunger and Weight Regulation
Physiological
Psychological
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Hunger and Weight Regulation
Metabolism:
the body’s rate of energy (caloric) utilization state in which we no longer feel hungry
Satiety:
18
Hunger Regulation
Hunger is not necessarily linked to immediate energy needs
Information on energy supply interacts with other factors (amount, variety) Homeostatic mechanisms are designed to prevent us from running low on energy Set point for energy level, weight (fat mass)