Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

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Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was a forward thinking new program of racial unity. Mr. Garvey foresaw separate black nations in many locations across the world. If geographic separation were not likely, black people should at least maintain racially separate and independent economic and social institutions. (Carson, page 359). The UNIA advocated the unity of all Negroes into one strong and healthy race. It combined goals of decent jobs and housing with the industrial disposition of Booker T. Washington. The UNIA also had a religious element in that it redefined Christianity to make God black and the Devil white; it used religion to reinforce race pride. (Carson, page 360).

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