In general, individuals who violate the norm may face disapproval, discomfort, or even confrontation from the target individual and surrounding bystanders. These social sanctions are typically created and enforced by societal norms and expectations regarding appropriate interpersonal behavior. These reactions serve as informal forms of social control, signaling to the violator that their behavior is inappropriate and potentially disruptive to social harmony.
As a small caucasian woman, most people would not feel threatened by me invading their personal space. This would not be the same case if the experimenter was a large male, a person covered in tattoos, a homeless person, etc. People stereotype these certain individuals as “suspicious” or a “threat”. The sanctions they face could be more serious, such as being screamed at, physical confrontation, or even having the police called on