In “Sustainable Food Systems,” Muchenje et al. make many statements along the lines of “According to the FAO (2003)” and “Cashman & Hayes (2017) reported that” (820). Direct citations and explanations of over ninety references in a seven-page paper prove a strict adherence to the ethos. The article heavily relies on concrete information and science to make sure that they effectively convey their point, that change must occur in the animal agriculture industry. Moreover, “A Philosophical Appraisal” also heavily relies on ethos, as shown through statements like “According to evolutionary theory” and “Tom Regan in the Case for Animal Rights argues that” (Edor and Bassey 171 and 166). The use of twenty-seven references in an eleven-page article clearly illustrates that Edor and Bassey heavily rely on evidence and credibility in making their argument. While many of Muchenje et al.’s sources come from scientific studies, less of Edor and Bassey’s sources have scientific arguments, with the majority of the essay focusing on agreed-upon philosophical …show more content…
Essentially, the more passionate and personable tone illustrated by Edor and Bassey more effectively engages the reader than the scientific tone implemented by Muchenje et al. Furthermore, “Sustainable Food System” lacks much appeal to emotion, a strong element that contributes to the effectiveness of “A Philosophical Appraisal.” For example, in “A Philosophical Appraisal,” Edor and Bassey include statements like “Animals should not be made to suffer” and “animals who suffer terribly” (166 and 167). These, and similar statements, appeal to the emotions of the reader, evoking feelings of guilt and sadness that help contribute to the effectiveness of advocating for change. Furthermore, the humanization of the animals throughout the essay, as seen through the choice of “who” instead of “that” in the previous quotation, further contributes to pathos. A further example of evoking feelings of sadness in the article appears in the statement “the flesh of dead animals tastes nice” (Edor and Bassey