Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Literature Review

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that is developed after someone goes through a great amount of stress that takes a toll on them; it can be caused by a traumatic experience or traumatic brain injury. PTSD can affect anyone especially veterans returning from war. A person affected by PTSD can suffer from mood changes, deficits in memory or attention, re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance and hyperarousal for at least one month after the event (Kesner et al., 2009). There have been many studies conducted to find a biological reason as to why some people get PTSD and some do not. This paper will discuss 10 articles about the role of high/low levels of certain biomarkers such as cortisol and how it affects anxiety …show more content…
(2012), analyzed the negative feedback loop and created a model that supported their hypothesis that “high stress intensity and strong negative feedback loop may cause hypersensitive neuro-endocrine axis that results in hypocortisolemia (low cortisol levels) in PTSD” which means that low cortisol goes hand in hand with increased stress. Aerni et al. (2004), also agrees with this theory; they mentioned that their results indicated that “low-dose cortisol treatment reduces the cardinal symptoms of PTSD.” This means that if we treat very low cortisol levels in patients it could prevent increases in symptoms. Their study also included that “low dose cortisol treatment had beneficial effects with significant reductions of at least 38% in one of the daily rated symptoms of traumatic memories.” Ultimately that “those who excrete less cortisol have an increased chance of getting PTSD and cortisol weakens symptoms.” They did their study by giving a low dose of cortisol by mouth to their participants and placebos to their control group. This is a great method but there definitely needs to be more studies to prove this theory since giving a low dose of cortisol may not have such a tremendous …show more content…
All of these studies had limitations and the most common limitation would be that they all had a very small sample size. Yehuda et al. (2015), mentioned they had a small number of participants. Yehuda et al. (2014), mentioned that they needed a larger sample size with racially diverse samples of men and women and Aerni et al. (2004), mentioned that they also need future studies to focus on more patients and “longer treatment periods to evaluate the efficacy of cortisol treatment for PTSD.” PTSD is a disorder that definitely needs to be tested over a long period of time, it is something that can get worse over time and lead to serious consequences. Bos et al. (2014), had many more limitations in that it was not organized well enough. They tested male and females together but they even mentioned themselves that “it is well-known that male and female participants respond differently to stress manipulations.” There are many ways to test cortisol levels but the more studies we do the more answers we will have and therefore the more clear the results will
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