Precedents such as the Dred Scott decision cast a long shadow over Reconstruction, underscored the contentious nature of these issues and influenced interpretations of the Constitution's applicability to states' rights and advocates of federal supremacy (Foner 586). The unresolved tension between conflicting interpretations of the Constitution underscored the complex interplay between law and politics in shaping Reconstruction policies. The emergence of Radical Reconstruction was not a singular event but rather the culmination of a series of developments precipitated by the perceived failures of Johnson's lenient policies and escalating tensions in the South. Factors such as the passage of discriminatory Black Codes, violent resistance to Reconstruction efforts, and shifting public opinion towards a more assertive stance on civil rights collectively contributed to the ascendancy of Radical Republicans within Congress and the broader political landscape (Foner 584). Three important amendments were added to the Constitution during