Average Cost/Unit Cost the cost of producing one unit, calculated by dividing the total cost by output Indirect Cost/ Overhead Cost a cost which cannot be identified with a particular unit of output
(It is incurred by the whole organization or department)
Marginal Cost the cost of increasing output by 1 more unit
Variable Cost a cost which rises as output rises
Formal Organization relationship between employees and the organizational structure determined by the business, as shown in an organization chart
Hierarchy the order or levels of management of a business, from the lowest to the highest
Delegationauthority (and sometimes responsibility) to pass down from superior to subordinate
Span of Control the number of subordinates working under a superior
Hawthorne Effect the idea that workers are motivated by recognition given to them as a group
Hygiene Factors those things that can lead to workers being dissatisfied
Selfactualization a level of Maslow’s hierarchy where an employee realizes his or her full potential MBO (Management by Objective): a management theory which suggest that managers set goals and communicate them to subordinates
Human Resources: the personnel within a business or an organization
Job Analysis: a study of what the job entails, such as the skills, tasks and performance expected
Motivation: desire to do something and the reasoning behind doing something
Commission: payment made, typically for achieving a target such as a sales target
Piece Rate: payment system where employees are paid an agreed rate for every item produced
Time Rate: rate of pay based on an amount of time, usually per hour
Autocratic Leadership: manager sets objectives, allocates tasks, and insists on obedience
Democratic Leadership: encourages participation. 2 forms: Persuasive and Consultative
Paternalistic Leadership: leaders make all the decisions and expect subordinates to make these decisions LaisseFaire Leadership: employees carry out activities freely within broad limits
Job Evaluation: systematic way of determining the value/worth of a job
Severance Pay: amount payable to an employee on termination of a contract
Vicarious Liability: when employees are liable for the wrongful actions of their employees
Channel of Communication: route by which a message is communicated from sender to sender
Communication Networks:
1. The Circle: Departments can