Sarah E Essay

Submitted By jhcoz
Words: 9583
Pages: 39
Open Document
Ecological Engineering 37 (2011) 1709–1717

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Ecological Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoleng

Heavy metals in leachate from simulated green roof systems
Sarah E. Alsup a,1 , Stephen D. Ebbs a,∗ , Loretta L. Battaglia a , William A. Retzlaff b a b

Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 420 Life Science II, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901-6509, United States
Department of Biological Sciences, Box 1651, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1651, United States

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 28 February 2011
Received in revised form 21 June 2011
Accepted 29 June 2011
Available online 12 August 2011
Keywords:
Green roofs
Heavy metals
Urban environment
Vegetated roofs
Water quality

a b s t r a c t
The contribution of green roofs to urban water quality, either as sinks or sources of pollutants, is an open question. This study examined leaching of Cd, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn from simulated green roof systems that had been deployed under field conditions and naturally leached for 22 months. The objectives were to determine if Arkalyte (an expanded clay), when mixed with pine bark as a substrate, leached metals and if so, whether leaching was influenced by the depth of substrate, structural components of the green roof system, or wet/dry deposition. Leachate was collected from each system after wet deposition events in
June 2007, October 2007, February 2008, and April 2008 and analyzed. The concentration of four elements routinely exceeded USEPA water quality criteria for chronic and/or acute toxicity and were therefore of possible relevance to water quality, particularly for Pb. The frequency and intensity of local wet deposition influenced the volume of leachate recovered from the systems and in some instances the corresponding metal concentration in the leachate. There were no consistent trends with respect to depth and metal concentration in the leachate, due perhaps to the confounding effects caused by leaching of metals from materials used to construct the built-in-place systems and from inputs from deposition. Further evaluation of this substrate and the structural materials is needed to determine if their use in green roof systems will improve or degrade urban water quality.
© 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Urbanization and industrialization have significant negative impacts on the urban environment, including the loss of green space, increased impermeable roof surface area, increased storm water runoff, increased burden on water treatment facilities, and decreased water quality. Runoff from rooftops contributes to altering the quality of storm water runoff in the urban environment thus being included among non-point pollutants sources (Chang et al.,
2004). The roofing materials themselves (e.g., roofing membranes, tars, adhesives, drainpipes, guttering) are potential sources of pollutants. With respect to heavy metals, for example, runoff from metallic roofing materials (e.g., aluminum, copper, galvanized iron, zinc) can have Zn concentrations from >1000 to >16,000 ␮g L−1 and
Cu concentrations from >150 to >2500 ␮g L−1 . Plastic, polyester, shingle, and tile roofing materials have also in some instances produced runoff with similar concentrations of Pb and Zn as well as elevated concentrations of Cd, Fe, and Mn (Chang et al., 2004;
Förster, 1996; Gnecco et al., 2005; Mason et al., 1999; Schriewer

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 618 453 3220; fax: +1 618 453 3441.
E-mail address: sebbs@plant.siu.edu (S.D. Ebbs).
1
Current address: 4304 Springdale Ave., St. Louis, MO 63134, United States.
0925-8574/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.06.045 et al., 2008). Industrial activities, coal-burning power plants, incinerators, vehicular traffic, and other sources introduce pollutants onto roofs at comparable
Show More

Related Documents: Sarah E Essay

Sarah Milov's Argumentative Analysis

Sarah Milov provides a more convincing argument, based on factual evidence from scientific studies, that any use of e- cigarettes provide any healthy or helpful effects for smokers to quit. Mitch Zeller,J.D., does not provide a very convincing argument, lacking any real evidence other than personal opinion that e-cigarettes provide any healthy or helpful benefits to help smokers quit. Quoting the FDA , historian Robert Proctor, and Mitch Zeller himself, Sarah Milov provides tantalizing evidence…

Words 167 - Pages 1

The Prestige - Plot Segmentation Essay

Borden’s flashback. i. Magic Show. A. Borden brings a bird in a cage on stage and notices a woman, Sarah, with a young boy in the audience. B. The magician covers the cage with a cloth and smashes it with his hand. C. The young boy begins to cry saying that the magician killed the bird, and Sarah comforts him. D. The magician brings the bird back but the boy continues to cry. E. Borden shows the boy the bird in the cage but the boy, still crying, asks “But where’s his brother?”…

Words 4267 - Pages 18

Poverty In O. E. Parker's Back

his current state of life. Flannery O Connor gives us a good example of how poverty (or lack of resources) affects the humans’ decisions. In her story Parker´s Back, she describes how O. E. Parker erroneously tries to find identity, satisfaction, and salvation. O. E. Parker identity relayed in his physical pride. O. E. Parker was, “heavy and earnest, as ordinary as a loaf of bread”. When he was fourteen years old, he met a man in a fair “tattooed from head…

Words 346 - Pages 2

Essay on When New Products and Customer Loyalty Collide

When New Products and Customer Loyalty Collide by Regina Fazio Maruca and Amy L. Halliday Harvard Business Review Reprint 93608 C A S E S T U D Y Pacer Shoes expanded its line and entered a new market. Now the returns are coming in, and they’re not good. When New Products and Customer Loyalty Collide by Regina Fazio Maruca and Amy L. Halliday Henry Carson, president and CEO of Baltimore-based Pacer Athletic Shoes, stood at the edge of the track behind company headquarters and watched as the…

Words 2141 - Pages 9

The Shipping Industry Accounting Team Case Study Essay

THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY ACCOUNTING TEAM Summary: Sarah (the name given by us) has been working in McKay, Sanderson, and Smith Associates a mid-sized accounting team located in Boston that is specialized in commercial accounting and audits for past five years. Her specialty is accounting practices for shipping companies, ranging from small to certain big fleets along east coast. About two months ago her company merged with another two other accounting firms which has offices in Miami, Seattle, Baton…

Words 1702 - Pages 7

Essay on International Trade and Ms. Sarah Badar

Hodgetts Third Edition Ms.Sarah Badar Ms Marketing lecture #1 by: Ms. Sarah Badar NUML BBA V 1 Class Requirements (A KIND REQUEST)  Switch Off Cell Phones/Vibration  Proper Notes  Own Stationery  Discipline  Respect  Class Participation  No late attendees  Only Related Questions to be asked lecture #1 by: Ms. Sarah Badar 2 Quote to Remember “Life is about making choices & facing its Consequences” lecture #1 by: Ms. Sarah Badar 3 Lecture # 01 Introduction to International Business …

Words 501 - Pages 3

Sarah Talley and Wal-Mart Essay

1) Was this a Distributive or Integrative negotiation?- was it the optimum approach and why or why not. Sarah Talley and Wal-Mart are in a distributive negotiation as they only haggle about the price for 4th of July Watermelons (Lewicki, Saunders& Barry 2011). Rather than giving a “why” Wal-Mart persists with the position that the price is “too high” (Sebenius & Knebel 2006). In price-only negotiations only one party can win. Furthermore, there is a huge power difference due to Wal-Mart’s…

Words 985 - Pages 4

Sarah Edmonds Research Paper

The Adventurous Life of Sarah Edmonds Sarah Emma Evelyn Edmonds was not your typical teenage girl. She strived for adventure and lived a remarkable life. She did lots of things most people wouldn’t be able to do from impersonating as the opposite sex and even living disguised as a different race all because she was helping fight for what she believed in. Sarah Edmonds was important to the Union Army as a spy, retrieving overriding information during the Civil War. Sarah was born in New Brunswick…

Words 1075 - Pages 5

Essay on Investment Management Case Study

Beta Management Company considers that its stock prices are quite variable and somewhat sensitive to movements in the stock market which means a beta that is positive to some significant degree. However, Sarah Wolfe think many brands of the company will wear well during the current recession which means the company’s sales will perform well. It implies, somewhat incongruently, a low beta. Return and risk a) The average returns can be calculated using…

Words 1284 - Pages 6

Sarah Edmondson

born in New Brunswick, Canada, to one of the most cold-blooded and violent of fathers. Her name was Sarah. Sarah Emma Edmondson. At the age of sixteen, she had had enough of her father's constant teasing and hatred towards her, so she ran away from her home in New Brunswick to start a new life in Moncton, Canada. "It was a long journey on foot, but was well worth it," quoted Edmondson. When Sarah arrived there she changed her last name from Edmondson to Edmonds, and worked and resided in…

Words 989 - Pages 4