History And History Of The Ottoman Empire And The Pichack Khanate

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Key Items:
1. Golden Horde
A. Also known as the Kipchack Khanate, but is recognized as the Mongol Khanate founded by Genghis Khan’s grandson
B. Was based on Southern Russia and had quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam.
2. Timur/Tamerlane:
A. Timur was a member of a prominent family of the Mongols Jagadi Khanate; he had gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. Nickname Tamerlane
B. He had consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants the Timurids maintained his empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire.
3. Juvaini:
A. Was a historian who recorded Genghis Khan’s death bed speech, mainly a writer.
B. He was significant because he had criticized the Mongols a lot, which can be biased.
4. Ottoman Empire:
A. Islamic state founded by Osman.
B. It had encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and the Eastern Europe.

1. Mongols:
A. Expansion/motives: Mongols had started out as Nomads. Because of the Nomadism (a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water) the Mongols had expanded, which had help conquest because they would know how one’s country is like if they rule it (so there would be no problems). PG. 342
B. Military Techniques: They (Mongols) had superior bows. EX: The Central Asia bow, made by laminating layers of wood, leather, and bone, used for “regular” warriors. Archery was the main reason why military was a success. PG. 344
C. Temujin/Genghis Khan: Temujin started out as nothing, but later on was a great leader, educated, respected, and understood other’s cultures. Turned out to be Genghis Khan one who rules from ocean to ocean, and he made his goal and had achieved it! PG. 344
D. Commercial integration/trade: Trade had brought new styles and huge quantities of silk westward to feed the luxury trade in the Middle East and Europe. However trade had caused diseases because of rats and fleas. PG. 348
E. Bubonic plague: A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and human; humans in late stages of the illness can spread by coughing. PG. 348
2. Mongol Il-Khan Empire:
A. Il-Khan: A “secondary” or “peripheral” khan based in Persia. The Il-Khans’ khanate was founded by Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, and was based at Tabriz in the Iranian province of Azerbaijan. PG. 349
B. Effects of tax-farming: A fiscal method developed to extract maximum wealth from their subjects (their, as in Il-Khans). Mongols didn’t have to pay as much as the other countries. PG. 349
C. Paper Money: Because of conflicts with money, instead of using coins (because of price) people had used paper to make the “tax money reduce”, however this wasn’t that successful. PG. 350
D. Impact of Islam: for the Mongols of the Il-Khan and Golden Horde states, Islam became a matter of political rivalry. Muslim values struggled with economic needs. PG. 352
E. Rashid al-Din: Adviser to the Il-Khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid’s advice. PG. 351
F. Nasir al-Din Tusi: Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. PG. 352
3. Russia/ Eastern Europe:
A. Effects of Mongol Influence: Safe reliable overland trade had benefited Mongol ruling centers and commercial cities along the Silk Road. But the countryside, ravaged by conquest, sporadic violence, and heavy taxes, suffered terribly. PG. 353. Collaborating regional forces meant using local ethnic or religious traditions to rest or roll back Mongol influence. PG. 354
B. Alexander Nevski: Prince of Novgorod who had submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. PG. 354
C. Tsar: (czar) From Latin Caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was the first used in
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