The Importance Of Cross-Cultural Management

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In the last decades of internationalization, expatriation has become cross-cultural management studies’ main topic. Those studies talked about how expat adapt and work effectively in another country with different culture environment and how they deal with local employees and do they gain job satisfaction by their job. Most expatriates from multinational companies take leaders’ role. They hire them to develop new market, start new business, and recruit new local employees. However, they face big challenges on their leadership as they encounter misunderstanding issues of their employees’ expectations who are from very different culture. Expat leaders take time to build trust with another culture and plan strategically on the ways to motivate …show more content…
It consists of three dimensions: firstly is contingent reward which refers to identifying individual or team roles and requirements for successful task completion, besides it focuses on effort-reward relationship between a leader and his employees. Secondly active management by exception is another transactional leadership style facet where leaders are likely to monitor followers’ performance and intervene for correction if any standards error occurred. The last dimension is passive management by exception where leaders are unlikely to be involved in any issue unless it is highly serious (Bass 1997).

Non-transactional (non-leadership) indicating the absence of leadership, the avoidance of intervention, which emerges as the most inactive form of leadership. (Bass 1985 and Northouse 2012). It emerges when leaders avoid accepting responsibilities, fail to respond to requests for assistance, and resist expressing views on important issues (Bass 1997).

There are three core aspects of employee’s …show more content…
(Judge and Piccolo 2004)

iii) Non-leadership negatively influences employees’ satisfaction.

• Extra effort: o Transformational leadership style motivates employees highly and encourages them to be actively being involved in their work as part of the business mission. Therefore, employees will become highly motivated to meet their perceptions of self-achievement based on their managers’ expectations. Furthermore, leaders make a clear communication with their followers in terms of setting goals, inspire them to reach beyond their own self-interests and to achieve more than one expected; consequently, it will increase their self esteem and self actualization.

o Transactional leadership that offers the contingent rewards based on upon employees’ fulfilment of contractual obligations also influence positivity on them to put extra effort to succeed in accomplishing high performance that may be more difficult to complete than anticipated. However, passive management by exception style has a negative impact on employees’ extra effort.

o Non-leadership as the previous impact, it will negatively relate to employees professional
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